|
Theories of History Good morning, class. Today' s lecture is mainly concerned with some theories of history. How much of man' s history do we know? We really know very little. Written records exist for only a fraction of what we suppose to have been man' s time as a unique species. Furthermore, the accuracy of these records is often suspected, and the scope and selection of significant detail in them often needs improvement. It is worse when we try to reconstruct man' s history before the development of writing, and this is unfortunate because the history of the greatest discoveries, such as fire, the wheel and the sail, as well as the history of the early development of human society are lost to us. The most that we can do is to use traces, deduction, speculation and the knowledge we have of the habits of those animals which have elementary social order to help us make a partial reconstruction. This is hardly a satisfactory substitute for precise information. With our knowledge of human history, which is only fragmentary at best, it is therefore nearly impossible to reconstruct the beginning and to deduce the end of the story of man. |
|
yǔ lì shǐ yǒu guān de sān dà lǐ lùn tóng xué men, zǎo shàng hǎo. jīn tiān de jiǎng zuò zhǔ yào shè jí yī xiē lì shǐ lǐ lùn. dà jiā duì rén lèi lì shǐ lǐ jiě yǒu duō shǎo? dí què shì zhī zhī shén shǎo. shū jí jì lù zhǐ ràng wǒ men liǎo jiě dào rén lèi zuò wéi yí gè dú tè de wù zhǒng cún zài de shí dài. shèn zhì zhèi xiē jì lù de zhǔn què xìng wǎng wǎng zhí de huái yí, qí zhōng zhòng yào qíng jié de fàn wéi hé xuǎn qǔ dōu xū yào gǎi jìn. rán ér, dāng wǒ men zài hái méi wán chéng wén xiàn shí shì tú chóng xiàn rén lèi de lì shǐ, shì qíng biàn de gèng zāo gāo. hěn bù xìng, yīn wèi lì shǐ shàng zuì wěi dà de fā xiàn, rú huǒ, lún zi hé fān, yǐ jí rén lèi shè huì zǎo qī fā zhǎn de lì shǐ zǎo yǐ bù wéi wǒ men suǒ zhī. wǒ men néng zuò de zuì duō shì zhuī sù guò qù, yǎn yì tuī lǐ, lì yòng wǒ men suǒ liǎo jiě de guān yú dǒng de jī běn shè huì zhì xù de dòng wù shēng huó xí xìng de zhī shí, yǐ cǐ lái bāng zhù wǒ men chóng xiàn bù fèn lì shǐ. yòng zhèi xiē lái tì dài jīng què de xìn xī yuǎn fēi lìng rén mǎn yì. yóu yú wǒ men duì rén lèi lì shǐ de zhī shí zuì duō yě shì líng líng sǎn sǎn de, yīn cǐ wǒ men jī hū bù kě néng chóng xiàn rén lèi gù shì de kāi duān hé yǎn yì rén lèi gù shì de jié jú. |