| For example, children do not always behave the same way with one parent as they do with the other parent, and animals do not behave the same way in zoos as they do in the wild. So, by sampling different situations, a researcher can make more objective observations than he would in only a specific situation. Having discussed ways to sample behaviour in research, we are now moving onto another issue, that is, what researchers should do to record behaviour as it occurs, that is, whether researchers are active or passive in recording behaviour. This refers to the methods of observation. Observational methods can be classified as "observation with intervention" or "observation without intervention". Observation with intervention can be made in at least two ways, participant observation and field experiment. In participant observation, observers, that is researchers, play a dual role: They observe people's behaviour and they participate actively in the situation they are observing. If individuals who are being observed know that the observer is present to collect information about their behaviour, this is undisguised participant observation. But in disguised participant observation, those who are being observed do not know that they are being observed. | |
| 比如,孩子们对待父亲或母亲的态度并不总是一样的。在动物园里的动物和在野外的动物行为表现也不尽相同。因此,相比较于特定的情景，通过采取不同的情景,研究者可以进行更客观的观察。在讨论了如何在研究中进行行为抽样之后,我们现在转移到另一个问题,那就是,在行为发生的时候，研究人员应该做什么来记录行为,也就是说研究人员在记录行为过程中是主动还是被动的。这指的是观察的方法。观察方法可以分为“干预观察”和“不干预观察”。进行干预观察的方法至少有两种,即参与观察法和现场试验法。在参与观察法中,观察人员,即研究人员,扮演双重角色:他们既观察人们的行为,又积极主动地融入到他们正在观察的情境中。如果被观察的人知道观察者在收集关于他们行为的信息,这称为公开的参与观察。但在非公开参与观察中,那些被观察的人则不知道有人在观察他们。 |
| For example, children do not always behave the same way with one parent as they do with the other parent, and animals do not behave the same way in zoos as they do in the wild. So, by sampling different situations, a researcher can make more objective observations than he would in only a specific situation. Having discussed ways to sample behaviour in research, we are now moving onto another issue, that is, what researchers should do to record behaviour as it occurs, that is, whether researchers are active or passive in recording behaviour. This refers to the methods of observation. Observational methods can be classified as " observation with intervention" or " observation without intervention". Observation with intervention can be made in at least two ways, participant observation and field experiment. In participant observation, observers, that is researchers, play a dual role: They observe people' s behaviour and they participate actively in the situation they are observing. If individuals who are being observed know that the observer is present to collect information about their behaviour, this is undisguised participant observation. But in disguised participant observation, those who are being observed do not know that they are being observed. | |
| bi ru, hai zi men dui dai fu qin huo mu qin de tai du bing bu zong shi yi yang de. zai dong wu yuan li de dong wu he zai ye wai de dong wu xing wei biao xian ye bu jin xiang tong. yin ci, xiang bi jiao yu te ding de qing jing, tong guo cai qu bu tong de qing jing, yan jiu zhe ke yi jin xing geng ke guan de guan cha. zai tao lun liao ru he zai yan jiu zhong jin xing xing wei chou yang zhi hou, wo men xian zai zhuan yi dao ling yi ge wen ti, na jiu shi, zai hang wei fa sheng de shi hou, yan jiu ren yuan ying gai zuo shi mo lai ji lu xing wei, ye jiu shi shuo yan jiu ren yuan zai ji lu xing wei guo cheng zhong shi zhu dong hai shi bei dong de. zhe zhi de shi guan cha de fang fa. guan cha fang fa ke yi fen wei" gan yu guan cha" he" bu gan yu guan cha". jin xing gan yu guan cha de fang fa zhi shao you liang zhong, ji can yu guan cha fa he xian chang shi yan fa. zai can yu guan cha fa zhong, guan cha ren yuan, ji yan jiu ren yuan, ban yan shuang chong jue se: ta men ji guan cha ren men de xing wei, you ji ji zhu dong di rong ru dao ta men zheng zai guan cha de qing jing zhong. ru guo bei guan cha de ren zhi dao guan cha zhe zai shou ji guan yu ta men xing wei de xin xi, zhe cheng wei gong kai de can yu guan cha. dan zai fei gong kai can yu guan cha zhong, nei xie bei guan cha de ren ze bu zhi dao you ren zai guan cha ta men. |
| For example, children do not always behave the same way with one parent as they do with the other parent, and animals do not behave the same way in zoos as they do in the wild. So, by sampling different situations, a researcher can make more objective observations than he would in only a specific situation. Having discussed ways to sample behaviour in research, we are now moving onto another issue, that is, what researchers should do to record behaviour as it occurs, that is, whether researchers are active or passive in recording behaviour. This refers to the methods of observation. Observational methods can be classified as " observation with intervention" or " observation without intervention". Observation with intervention can be made in at least two ways, participant observation and field experiment. In participant observation, observers, that is researchers, play a dual role: They observe people' s behaviour and they participate actively in the situation they are observing. If individuals who are being observed know that the observer is present to collect information about their behaviour, this is undisguised participant observation. But in disguised participant observation, those who are being observed do not know that they are being observed. | |
| bǐ rú, hái zi men duì dài fù qīn huò mǔ qīn de tài dù bìng bù zǒng shì yí yàng de. zài dòng wù yuán lǐ de dòng wù hé zài yě wài de dòng wù xíng wéi biǎo xiàn yě bù jìn xiāng tóng. yīn cǐ, xiāng bǐ jiào yú tè dìng de qíng jǐng, tōng guò cǎi qǔ bù tóng de qíng jǐng, yán jiū zhě kě yǐ jìn xíng gèng kè guān de guān chá. zài tǎo lùn liǎo rú hé zài yán jiū zhōng jìn xíng xíng wéi chōu yàng zhī hòu, wǒ men xiàn zài zhuǎn yí dào lìng yí gè wèn tí, nà jiù shì, zài háng wèi fā shēng de shí hòu, yán jiū rén yuán yīng gāi zuò shí mǒ lái jì lù xíng wéi, yě jiù shì shuō yán jiū rén yuán zài jì lù xíng wéi guò chéng zhōng shì zhǔ dòng hái shì bèi dòng de. zhè zhǐ de shì guān chá de fāng fǎ. guān chá fāng fǎ kě yǐ fēn wéi" gàn yù guān chá" hé" bù gàn yù guān chá". jìn xíng gàn yù guān chá de fāng fǎ zhì shǎo yǒu liǎng zhǒng, jí cān yù guān chá fǎ hé xiàn chǎng shì yàn fǎ. zài cān yù guān chá fǎ zhōng, guān chá rén yuán, jí yán jiū rén yuán, bàn yǎn shuāng chóng jué sè: tā men jì guān chá rén men de xíng wéi, yòu jī jí zhǔ dòng dì róng rù dào tā men zhèng zài guān chá de qíng jìng zhōng. rú guǒ bèi guān chá de rén zhī dào guàn chá zhě zài shōu jí guān yú tā men xíng wéi de xìn xī, zhè chēng wéi gōng kāi de cān yù guān chá. dàn zài fēi gōng kāi cān yù guān chá zhōng, nèi xiē bèi guān chá de rén zé bù zhī dào yǒu rén zài guān chá tā men. |
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