| One of the most important social developments that helped to make possible a shift in thinking about the role of public education was the effect of the baby boom of the 1950's and 1960's on the schools. In the 1920's, but especially in the Depression conditions of the 1930's, the United States experienced a declining birth rate -- every thousand women aged fifteen to forty-four gave birth to about 118 live children in 1920, 89.2 in 1930, 75.8 in 1936, and 80 in 1940. With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression. Birth rates rose to 102 per thousand in 1946,106.2 in 1950, and 118 in 1955. Although economics was probably the most important determinant, it is not the only explanation for the baby boom. The increased value placed on the idea of the family also helps to explain this rise in birth rates. The baby boomers began streaming into the first grade by the mid 1940's and became a flood by 1950. The public school system suddenly found itself overtaxed. While the number of schoolchildren rose because of wartime and postwar conditions, these same conditions made the schools even less prepared to cope with the food. The wartime economy meant that few new schools were built between 1940 and 1945. Moreover, during the war and in the boom times that followed, large numbers of teachers left their profession for better-paying jobs elsewhere in the economy. Therefore in the 1950's and 1960's, the baby boom hit an antiquated and inadequate school system. Consequently, the 'custodial rhetoric' of the 1930's and early 1940's no longer made sense that is, keeping youths aged sixteen and older out of the labor market by keeping them in school could no longer be a high priority for an institution unable to find space and staff to teach younger children aged five to sixteen. With the baby boom, the focus of educators and of laymen interested in education inevitably turned toward the lower grades and back to basic academic skills and discipline. The system no longer had much interest in offering nontraditional, new, and extra services to older youths. | |
| 一 项重要的、有可能促使人们对公共教育的角色的看法发生转变的社会发展是本世纪五六十年代的生育高峰对学校的影响。 在20年代，尤其是在30年代后的大萧条中，美国经历了一次出生率的下降--1920年每千名年龄在15岁至45岁的妇女生下大约118个存活婴 儿，1930年89.2个，1936年75.8个，1940年80个。 随着二战带来的持续繁荣以及随之而来的经济增长，年轻人比大萧条中的同龄人更早地结婚成家，而且比前辈养育更大的家庭。 1946年出生率上升到102%，1950年达106%，1955年达118%。 对于生育高峰，经济有可能是最重要的决定因素，但它并不是唯一的解释。 不断受到重视的家庭观念也有助于解释出生率的上升。 到40年代中期为止，这些生育高峰出生的孩子们开始源源不断地进入小学一年级。 到了1950年，就形成了一股洪流。 公共教育系统突然感到不堪重负了。 由于战时和战后的状况，使得学龄儿童人数增加，这些状况使得学校面对这股洪流更加措手不及。 战时经济意味着在1940年到1950年间几乎没有建立新学校。 而且，在战时和随后的经济增长时期，大量的教师离开岗位去别处从事报酬更为优厚的工作。 因此，在五六十年代，生育高峰冲击着陈旧而不完备的学校体系。 这样一来，30年代以及40年代早期，"监护理论"就不再有意义了。 也就是说，通过使16岁以上的年轻人留在学校不进入劳动力市场的做法再也不是教育机构的优先考虑了。 因为教育机构不再能找到场地和教师来教育那些更小的5-16岁的孩子。 随着生育高峰，教育者和圈外人士对教育的兴趣和焦点，不可避免地转向了更低的年级和基础的学术技能和学科上。 这个系统不再有浓厚的兴趣给较年长的年轻人提供非传统的新式的和额外的服务。 |
| One of the most important social developments that helped to make possible a shift in thinking about the role of public education was the effect of the baby boom of the 1950' s and 1960' s on the schools. In the 1920' s, but especially in the Depression conditions of the 1930' s, the United States experienced a declining birth rate every thousand women aged fifteen to fortyfour gave birth to about 118 live children in 1920, 89. 2 in 1930, 75. 8 in 1936, and 80 in 1940. With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression. Birth rates rose to 102 per thousand in 1946, 106. 2 in 1950, and 118 in 1955. Although economics was probably the most important determinant, it is not the only explanation for the baby boom. The increased value placed on the idea of the family also helps to explain this rise in birth rates. The baby boomers began streaming into the first grade by the mid 1940' s and became a flood by 1950. The public school system suddenly found itself overtaxed. While the number of schoolchildren rose because of wartime and postwar conditions, these same conditions made the schools even less prepared to cope with the food. The wartime economy meant that few new schools were built between 1940 and 1945. Moreover, during the war and in the boom times that followed, large numbers of teachers left their profession for betterpaying jobs elsewhere in the economy. Therefore in the 1950' s and 1960' s, the baby boom hit an antiquated and inadequate school system. Consequently, the ' custodial rhetoric' of the 1930' s and early 1940' s no longer made sense that is, keeping youths aged sixteen and older out of the labor market by keeping them in school could no longer be a high priority for an institution unable to find space and staff to teach younger children aged five to sixteen. With the baby boom, the focus of educators and of laymen interested in education inevitably turned toward the lower grades and back to basic academic skills and discipline. The system no longer had much interest in offering nontraditional, new, and extra services to older youths. | |
| yi xiang zhong yao de you ke neng cu shi ren men dui gong gong jiao yu de jue se de kan fa fa sheng zhuan bian de she hui fa zhan shi ben shi ji wu liu shi nian dai de sheng yu gao feng dui xue xiao de ying xiang. zai 20 nian dai, you qi shi zai 30 nian dai hou de da xiao tiao zhong, mei guo jing li le yi ci chu sheng lv de xia jiang 1920 nian mei qian ming nian ling zai 15 sui zhi 45 sui de fu nv sheng xia da yue 118 ge cun huo ying er, 1930 nian 89. 2 ge, 1936 nian 75. 8 ge, 1940 nian 80 ge. sui zhe er zhan dai lai de chi xu fan rong yi ji sui zhi er lai de jing ji zeng zhang, nian qing ren bi da xiao tiao zhong de tong ling ren geng zao di jie hun cheng jia, er qie bi qian bei yang yu geng da de jia ting. 1946 nian chu sheng lv shang sheng dao 102, 1950 nian da 106, 1955 nian da 118. dui yu sheng yu gao feng, jing ji you ke neng shi zui zhong yao de jue ding yin su, dan ta bing bu shi wei yi de jie shi. bu duan shou dao zhong shi de jia ting guan nian ye you zhu yu jie shi chu sheng lv de shang sheng. dao 40 nian dai zhong qi wei zhi, zhei xie sheng yu gao feng chu sheng de hai zi men kai shi yuan yuan bu duan di jin ru xiao xue yi nian ji. dao le 1950 nian, jiu xing cheng le yi gu hong liu. gong gong jiao yu xi tong tu ran gan dao bu kan zhong fu le. you yu zhan shi he zhan hou de zhuang kuang, shi de xue ling er tong ren shu zeng jia, zhei xie zhuang kuang shi de xue xiao mian dui zhe gu hong liu geng jia cuo shou bu ji. zhan shi jing ji yi wei zhe zai 1940 nian dao 1950 nian jian ji hu mei you jian li xin xue xiao. er qie, zai zhan shi he sui hou de jing ji zeng zhang shi qi, da liang de jiao shi li kai gang wei qu bie chu cong shi bao chou geng wei you hou de gong zuo. yin ci, zai wu liu shi nian dai, sheng yu gao feng chong ji zhe chen jiu er bu wan bei de xue xiao ti xi. zhe yang yi lai, 30 nian dai yi ji 40 nian dai zao qi," jian hu li lun" jiu bu zai you yi yi le. ye jiu shi shuo, tong guo shi 16 sui yi shang de nian qing ren liu zai xue xiao bu jin ru lao dong li shi chang de zuo fa zai ye bu shi jiao yu ji gou de you xian kao lv le. yin wei jiao yu ji gou bu zai neng zhao dao chang di he jiao shi lai jiao yu nei xie geng xiao de 516 sui de hai zi. sui zhe sheng yu gao feng, jiao yu zhe he quan wai ren shi dui jiao yu de xing qu he jiao dian, bu ke bi mian di zhuan xiang le geng di de nian ji he ji chu de xue shu ji neng he xue ke shang. zhe ge xi tong bu zai you nong hou de xing qu gei jiao nian zhang de nian qing ren ti gong fei chuan tong de xin shi de he e wai de fu wu. |
| One of the most important social developments that helped to make possible a shift in thinking about the role of public education was the effect of the baby boom of the 1950' s and 1960' s on the schools. In the 1920' s, but especially in the Depression conditions of the 1930' s, the United States experienced a declining birth rate every thousand women aged fifteen to fortyfour gave birth to about 118 live children in 1920, 89. 2 in 1930, 75. 8 in 1936, and 80 in 1940. With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression. Birth rates rose to 102 per thousand in 1946, 106. 2 in 1950, and 118 in 1955. Although economics was probably the most important determinant, it is not the only explanation for the baby boom. The increased value placed on the idea of the family also helps to explain this rise in birth rates. The baby boomers began streaming into the first grade by the mid 1940' s and became a flood by 1950. The public school system suddenly found itself overtaxed. While the number of schoolchildren rose because of wartime and postwar conditions, these same conditions made the schools even less prepared to cope with the food. The wartime economy meant that few new schools were built between 1940 and 1945. Moreover, during the war and in the boom times that followed, large numbers of teachers left their profession for betterpaying jobs elsewhere in the economy. Therefore in the 1950' s and 1960' s, the baby boom hit an antiquated and inadequate school system. Consequently, the ' custodial rhetoric' of the 1930' s and early 1940' s no longer made sense that is, keeping youths aged sixteen and older out of the labor market by keeping them in school could no longer be a high priority for an institution unable to find space and staff to teach younger children aged five to sixteen. With the baby boom, the focus of educators and of laymen interested in education inevitably turned toward the lower grades and back to basic academic skills and discipline. The system no longer had much interest in offering nontraditional, new, and extra services to older youths. | |
| yī xiàng zhòng yào de yǒu kě néng cù shǐ rén men duì gōng gòng jiào yù de jué sè de kàn fǎ fā shēng zhuǎn biàn de shè huì fā zhǎn shì běn shì jì wǔ liù shí nián dài de shēng yù gāo fēng duì xué xiào de yǐng xiǎng. zài 20 nián dài, yóu qí shì zài 30 nián dài hòu de dà xiāo tiáo zhōng, měi guó jīng lì le yī cì chū shēng lǜ de xià jiàng 1920 nián měi qiān míng nián líng zài 15 suì zhì 45 suì de fù nǚ shēng xià dà yuē 118 gè cún huó yīng ér, 1930 nián 89. 2 gè, 1936 nián 75. 8 gè, 1940 nián 80 gè. suí zhe èr zhàn dài lái de chí xù fán róng yǐ jí suí zhī ér lái de jīng jì zēng zhǎng, nián qīng rén bǐ dà xiāo tiáo zhōng de tóng líng rén gèng zǎo dì jié hūn chéng jiā, ér qiě bǐ qián bèi yǎng yù gèng dà de jiā tíng. 1946 nián chū shēng lǜ shàng shēng dào 102, 1950 nián dá 106, 1955 nián dá 118. duì yú shēng yù gāo fēng, jīng jì yǒu kě néng shì zuì zhòng yào de jué dìng yīn sù, dàn tā bìng bú shì wéi yī de jiě shì. bù duàn shòu dào zhòng shì de jiā tíng guān niàn yě yǒu zhù yú jiě shì chū shēng lǜ de shàng shēng. dào 40 nián dài zhōng qī wéi zhǐ, zhèi xiē shēng yù gāo fēng chū shēng de hái zi men kāi shǐ yuán yuán bù duàn dì jìn rù xiǎo xué yī nián jí. dào le 1950 nián, jiù xíng chéng le yī gǔ hóng liú. gōng gòng jiào yù xì tǒng tū rán gǎn dào bù kān zhòng fù le. yóu yú zhàn shí hé zhàn hòu de zhuàng kuàng, shǐ de xué líng ér tóng rén shù zēng jiā, zhèi xiē zhuàng kuàng shǐ de xué xiào miàn duì zhè gǔ hóng liú gèng jiā cuò shǒu bù jí. zhàn shí jīng jì yì wèi zhe zài 1940 nián dào 1950 nián jiān jī hū méi yǒu jiàn lì xīn xué xiào. ér qiě, zài zhàn shí hé suí hòu de jīng jì zēng zhǎng shí qī, dà liàng de jiào shī lí kāi gǎng wèi qù bié chù cóng shì bào chóu gèng wéi yōu hòu de gōng zuò. yīn cǐ, zài wǔ liù shí nián dài, shēng yù gāo fēng chōng jī zhe chén jiù ér bù wán bèi de xué xiào tǐ xì. zhè yàng yī lái, 30 nián dài yǐ jí 40 nián dài zǎo qī," jiān hù lǐ lùn" jiù bù zài yǒu yì yì le. yě jiù shì shuō, tōng guò shǐ 16 suì yǐ shàng de nián qīng rén liú zài xué xiào bù jìn rù láo dòng lì shì chǎng de zuò fǎ zài yě bú shì jiào yù jī gòu de yōu xiān kǎo lǜ le. yīn wèi jiào yù jī gòu bù zài néng zhǎo dào chǎng dì hé jiào shī lái jiào yù nèi xiē gèng xiǎo de 516 suì de hái zi. suí zhe shēng yù gāo fēng, jiào yù zhě hé quān wài rén shì duì jiào yù de xìng qù hé jiāo diǎn, bù kě bì miǎn dì zhuàn xiàng le gèng dī de nián jí hé jī chǔ de xué shù jì néng hé xué kē shàng. zhè gè xì tǒng bù zài yǒu nóng hòu de xìng qù gěi jiào nián zhǎng de nián qīng rén tí gōng fēi chuán tǒng de xīn shì de hé é wài de fú wù. |
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