| By the mid-nineteenth century, the term 'icebox' had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War( 1861-1865),as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880,half of the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented. Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping up the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox. But as early as 1803, and ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool. | |
| 直到 19 世纪中期，"冰箱"这个名词才进入了美国语言，但冰仅仅只是开始影响美国普通市民的饮食。 冰的买卖随着城市的发展而发展。 冰被用在旅馆、酒馆、医院以及被一些有眼光的城市商人用于肉、鱼和黄油的保鲜。 内战(1861-1865)之后，冰被用于冷藏货车，同时也进入了民用。 甚至在 1880 年前，半数在纽约、费城和巴尔的摩销售的冰，三分之一在波士顿和芝加哥销售的冰进入家庭使用，因为一种新的家庭设备，冰箱，即现代冰箱的前身，被发明了。 制造一台有效率的冰箱不像我们想象的那么简单。 19 世纪早期，关于对冷藏科学至关重要的热物理知识是很浅陋的。 认为最好的冰箱应该防止冰的融化这样一个普遍的观点显然是错误的，因为正是冰的融化起了制冷作用。 早期为节省冰的努力，包括用毯子把冰包起来，使得冰不能发挥它的作用。 直到近 19 世纪末，发明家们才成功地找到有效率的冰箱所需要的精确的隔热和循环的精确平衡。 但早在 1803 年，一位有发明天才的马里兰农场主，托马斯 ·莫尔，找到了正确方法。 他拥有一个农场，离华盛顿约20 英里，那里的乔治镇村庄是集市中心。 当他用自己设计的冰箱运送黄油去市场时，他发现顾客们会走过装在竞争者桶里那些迅速融化的黄油而给他比市价更高的价格买他仍然新鲜坚硬，整齐地切成一磅一块的黄油。 莫尔说他的冰箱的一个好处是使得农民们不必在夜里上路去市场以保持他们产品的低温。 |
| By the midnineteenth century, the term ' icebox' had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forwardlooking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War 18611865, as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half of the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and onethird of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented. Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping up the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox. But as early as 1803, and ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, onepound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool. | |
| zhi dao 19 shi ji zhong qi," bing xiang" zhe ge ming ci cai jin ru le mei guo yu yan, dan bing jin jin zhi shi kai shi ying xiang mei guo pu tong shi min de yin shi. bing de mai mai sui zhe cheng shi de fa zhan er fa zhan. bing bei yong zai lv guan jiu guan yi yuan yi ji bei yi xie you yan guang de cheng shi shang ren yong yu rou yu he huang you de bao xian. nei zhan 18611865 zhi hou, bing bei yong yu leng cang huo che, tong shi ye jin ru le min yong. shen zhi zai 1880 nian qian, ban shu zai niu yue fei cheng he ba er di mo xiao shou de bing, san fen zhi yi zai bo shi dun he zhi jia ge xiao shou de bing jin ru jia ting shi yong, yin wei yi zhong xin de jia ting she bei, bing xiang, ji xian dai bing xiang de qian shen, bei fa ming liao. zhi zao yi tai you xiao lv de bing xiang bu xiang wo men xiang xiang de na me jian dan. 19 shi ji zao qi, guan yu dui leng cang ke xue zhi guan zhong yao de re wu li zhi shi shi hen qian lou de. ren wei zui hao de bing xiang ying gai fang zhi bing de rong hua zhe yang yi ge pu bian de guan dian xian ran shi cuo wu de, yin wei zheng shi bing de rong hua qi le zhi leng zuo yong. zao qi wei jie sheng bing de nu li, bao kuo yong tan zi ba bing bao qi lai, shi de bing bu neng fa hui ta de zuo yong. zhi dao jin 19 shi ji mo, fa ming jia men cai cheng gong di zhao dao you xiao lv de bing xiang suo xu yao de jing que de ge re huo xun huan de jing que ping heng. dan zao zai 1803 nian, yi wei you fa ming tian cai de ma li lan nong chang zhu, tuo ma si mo er, zhao dao le zheng que fang fa. ta yong you yi ge nong chang, li hua sheng dun yue 20 ying li, na li de qiao zhi zhen cun zhuang shi ji shi zhong xin. dang ta yong zi ji she ji de bing xiang yun song huang you qu shi chang shi, ta fa xian gu ke men hui zou guo zhuang zai jing zheng zhe tong li nei xie xun su rong hua de huang you er gei ta bi shi jia geng gao de jia ge mai ta reng ran xin xian jian ying, zheng qi di qie cheng yi bang yi kuai de huang you. mo er shuo ta de bing xiang de yi ge hao chu shi shi de nong min men bu bi zai ye li shang lu qu shi chang yi bao chi ta men chan pin de di wen. |
| By the midnineteenth century, the term ' icebox' had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forwardlooking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War 18611865, as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half of the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and onethird of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented. Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping up the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox. But as early as 1803, and ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, onepound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool. | |
| zhí dào 19 shì jì zhōng qī," bīng xiāng" zhè gè míng cí cái jìn rù le měi guó yǔ yán, dàn bīng jǐn jǐn zhǐ shì kāi shǐ yǐng xiǎng měi guó pǔ tōng shì mín de yǐn shí. bīng de mǎi mài suí zhe chéng shì de fā zhǎn ér fā zhǎn. bīng bèi yòng zài lǚ guǎn jiǔ guǎn yī yuàn yǐ jí bèi yī xiē yǒu yǎn guāng de chéng shì shāng rén yòng yú ròu yú hé huáng yóu de bǎo xiān. nèi zhàn 18611865 zhī hòu, bīng bèi yòng yú lěng cáng huò chē, tóng shí yě jìn rù le mín yòng. shèn zhì zài 1880 nián qián, bàn shù zài niǔ yuē fèi chéng hé bā ěr dì mó xiāo shòu de bīng, sān fēn zhī yī zài bō shì dùn hé zhī jiā gē xiāo shòu de bīng jìn rù jiā tíng shǐ yòng, yīn wèi yī zhǒng xīn de jiā tíng shè bèi, bīng xiāng, jí xiàn dài bīng xiāng de qián shēn, bèi fā míng liǎo. zhì zào yī tái yǒu xiào lǜ de bīng xiāng bù xiàng wǒ men xiǎng xiàng de nà me jiǎn dān. 19 shì jì zǎo qī, guān yú duì lěng cáng kē xué zhì guān zhòng yào de rè wù lǐ zhī shí shì hěn qiǎn lòu de. rèn wéi zuì hǎo de bīng xiāng yīng gāi fáng zhǐ bīng de róng huà zhè yàng yí gè pǔ biàn de guān diǎn xiǎn rán shì cuò wù de, yīn wèi zhèng shì bīng de róng huà qǐ le zhì lěng zuò yòng. zǎo qī wèi jié shěng bīng de nǔ lì, bāo kuò yòng tǎn zi bǎ bīng bāo qǐ lái, shǐ de bīng bù néng fā huī tā de zuò yòng. zhí dào jìn 19 shì jì mò, fā míng jiā men cái chéng gōng dì zhǎo dào yǒu xiào lǜ de bīng xiāng suǒ xū yào de jīng què de gé rè huo xún huán de jīng què píng héng. dàn zǎo zài 1803 nián, yī wèi yǒu fā míng tiān cái de mǎ lǐ lán nóng cháng zhǔ, tuō mǎ sī mò ěr, zhǎo dào le zhèng què fāng fǎ. tā yōng yǒu yí gè nóng chǎng, lí huá shèng dùn yuē 20 yīng lǐ, nà lǐ de qiáo zhì zhèn cūn zhuāng shì jí shì zhōng xīn. dāng tā yòng zì jǐ shè jì de bīng xiāng yùn sòng huáng yóu qù shì chǎng shí, tā fā xiàn gù kè men huì zǒu guò zhuāng zài jìng zhēng zhě tǒng lǐ nèi xiē xùn sù róng huà de huáng yóu ér gěi tā bǐ shì jià gèng gāo de jià gé mǎi tā réng rán xīn xiān jiān yìng, zhěng qí dì qiē chéng yī bàng yí kuài de huáng yóu. mò ěr shuō tā de bīng xiāng de yí gè hǎo chù shì shǐ de nóng mín men bù bì zài yè lǐ shàng lù qù shì chǎng yǐ bǎo chí tā men chǎn pǐn de dī wēn. |
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