| Botany, the study of plants, occupies a peculiar position in the history of human knowledge. For many thousands of years it was the one field of awareness about which humans had anything more than the vaguest of insights. It is impossible to know today just what our Stone Age ancestors knew about plants, but form what we can observe of pre-industrial societies that still exist a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient. This is logical. Plants are the basis of the food pyramid for all living things even for other plants. They have always been enormously important to the welfare of people not only for food, but also for clothing, weapons, tools, dyes, medicines, shelter, and a great many other purposes. Tribes living today in the jungles of the Amazon recognize literally hundreds of plants and know many properties of each. To them, botany, as such, has no name and is probably not even recognized as a special branch of "knowledge" at all. Unfortunately, the more industrialized we become the farther away we move from direct contact with plants, and the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows. Yet everyone comes unconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge, and few people will fail to recognize a rose, an apple, or an orchid. When our Neolithic ancestors, living in the Middle East about 10,000 years ago, discovered that certain grasses could be harvested and their seeds planted for richer yields the next season the first great step in a new association of plants and humans was taken. Grains were discovered and from them flowed the marvel of agriculture: cultivated crops. From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild- and the accumulated knowledge of tens of thousands of years of experience and intimacy with plants in the wild would begin to fade away. | |
| 植物学，即对植物的研究，在人类知识的历史中占据了特殊的地位。 这是人类几千年 来超越模糊的认知而真正有所了解的领域之一。 我们今天不可能知道新石器时代的祖先们 对植物到底了解多少，但我们在至今仍存在的前工业化社会观察到：人类对植物及其特性的 详细了解应该是非常古老的。 这是理所当然的。 植物是其他生物甚至其他植物食物金字塔 的基础。 它们对人们的生活至关重要，不仅在食物上，而且在衣物、武器、工具、染料、 药物、住所和许许多多其他的用途上。 至今仍生活在亚马逊河丛林中的部落确实能够辨识 几百种植物并知道每一种的许多特性。 对他们来说，植物学没有专门的名称，甚至可能根 本未被认为是一种专门知识。 不幸的是，工业化的程度越高，我们距直接与植物接触就越 远，我们的植物学知识的增加也就越微不足道。 然而每个人在不知不觉中拥有大量的植物 学知识，很少有人认不出玫瑰、苹果或兰花。 大约一万年前居住在中东的新时代的祖先们 发现某些草能被收获，它们的种子下一季耕种会收获更多时，人类就迈出了人和植物之间的 新关系第一大步。 谷子被发现后，农业的奇迹从此诞生：这就是可栽培的谷物。 从那时起， 人类越来越依赖少数可控制的作物生存，而不再是从众多的野生种类中这里获取一点，那里 获取一点。 这样在千万年中对于野生植物的经验和密切联系中积累起来的知识就开始消失 了。 |
| Botany, the study of plants, occupies a peculiar position in the history of human knowledge. For many thousands of years it was the one field of awareness about which humans had anything more than the vaguest of insights. It is impossible to know today just what our Stone Age ancestors knew about plants, but form what we can observe of preindustrial societies that still exist a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient. This is logical. Plants are the basis of the food pyramid for all living things even for other plants. They have always been enormously important to the welfare of people not only for food, but also for clothing, weapons, tools, dyes, medicines, shelter, and a great many other purposes. Tribes living today in the jungles of the Amazon recognize literally hundreds of plants and know many properties of each. To them, botany, as such, has no name and is probably not even recognized as a special branch of " knowledge" at all. Unfortunately, the more industrialized we become the farther away we move from direct contact with plants, and the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows. Yet everyone comes unconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge, and few people will fail to recognize a rose, an apple, or an orchid. When our Neolithic ancestors, living in the Middle East about 10, 000 years ago, discovered that certain grasses could be harvested and their seeds planted for richer yields the next season the first great step in a new association of plants and humans was taken. Grains were discovered and from them flowed the marvel of agriculture: cultivated crops. From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild and the accumulated knowledge of tens of thousands of years of experience and intimacy with plants in the wild would begin to fade away. | |
| zhi wu xue, ji dui zhi wu de yan jiu, zai ren lei zhi shi de li shi zhong zhan ju le te shu de di wei. zhe shi ren lei ji qian nian lai chao yue mo hu de ren zhi er zhen zheng you suo liao jie de ling yu zhi yi. wo men jin tian bu ke neng zhi dao xin shi qi shi dai de zu xian men dui zhi wu dao di liao jie duo shao, dan wo men zai zhi jin reng cun zai de qian gong ye hua she hui guan cha dao: ren lei dui zhi wu ji qi te xing de xiang xi liao jie ying gai shi fei chang gu lao de. zhe shi li suo dang ran de. zhi wu shi qi ta sheng wu shen zhi qi ta zhi wu shi wu jin zi ta de ji chu. ta men dui ren men de sheng huo zhi guan zhong yao, bu jin zai shi wu shang, er qie zai yi wu wu qi gong ju ran liao yao wu zhu suo he xu xu duo duo qi ta de yong tu shang. zhi jin reng sheng huo zai ya ma xun he cong lin zhong de bu luo que shi neng gou bian shi ji bai zhong zhi wu bing zhi dao mei yi zhong de xu duo te xing. dui ta men lai shuo, zhi wu xue mei you zhuan men de ming cheng, shen zhi ke neng gen ben wei bei ren wei shi yi zhong zhuan men zhi shi. bu xing de shi, gong ye hua de cheng du yue gao, wo men ju zhi jie yu zhi wu jie chu jiu yue yuan, wo men de zhi wu xue zhi shi de zeng jia ye jiu yue wei bu zu dao. ran er mei ge ren zai bu zhi bu jue zhong yong you da liang de zhi wu xue zhi shi, hen shao you ren ren bu chu mei gui ping guo huo lan hua. da yue yi wan nian qian ju zhu zai zhong dong de xin shi dai de zu xian men fa xian mou xie cao neng bei shou huo, ta men de zhong zi xia yi ji geng zhong hui shou huo geng duo shi, ren lei jiu mai chu le ren he zhi wu zhi jian de xin guan xi di yi da bu. gu zi bei fa xian hou, nong ye de qi ji cong ci dan sheng: zhe jiu shi ke zai pei de gu wu. cong na shi qi, ren lei yue lai yue yi lai shao shu ke kong zhi de zuo wu sheng cun, er bu zai shi cong zhong duo de ye sheng zhong lei zhong zhe li huo qu yi dian, na li huo qu yi dian. zhe yang zai qian wan nian zhong dui yu ye sheng zhi wu de jing yan he mi qie lian xi zhong ji lei qi lai de zhi shi jiu kai shi xiao shi le. |
| Botany, the study of plants, occupies a peculiar position in the history of human knowledge. For many thousands of years it was the one field of awareness about which humans had anything more than the vaguest of insights. It is impossible to know today just what our Stone Age ancestors knew about plants, but form what we can observe of preindustrial societies that still exist a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient. This is logical. Plants are the basis of the food pyramid for all living things even for other plants. They have always been enormously important to the welfare of people not only for food, but also for clothing, weapons, tools, dyes, medicines, shelter, and a great many other purposes. Tribes living today in the jungles of the Amazon recognize literally hundreds of plants and know many properties of each. To them, botany, as such, has no name and is probably not even recognized as a special branch of " knowledge" at all. Unfortunately, the more industrialized we become the farther away we move from direct contact with plants, and the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows. Yet everyone comes unconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge, and few people will fail to recognize a rose, an apple, or an orchid. When our Neolithic ancestors, living in the Middle East about 10, 000 years ago, discovered that certain grasses could be harvested and their seeds planted for richer yields the next season the first great step in a new association of plants and humans was taken. Grains were discovered and from them flowed the marvel of agriculture: cultivated crops. From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild and the accumulated knowledge of tens of thousands of years of experience and intimacy with plants in the wild would begin to fade away. | |
| zhí wù xué, jí duì zhí wù de yán jiū, zài rén lèi zhī shí de lì shǐ zhōng zhàn jù le tè shū de dì wèi. zhè shì rén lèi jǐ qiān nián lái chāo yuè mó hu de rèn zhī ér zhēn zhèng yǒu suǒ liǎo jiě de lǐng yù zhī yī. wǒ men jīn tiān bù kě néng zhī dào xīn shí qì shí dài de zǔ xiān men duì zhí wù dào dǐ liǎo jiě duō shǎo, dàn wǒ men zài zhì jīn réng cún zài de qián gōng yè huà shè huì guān chá dào: rén lèi duì zhí wù jí qí tè xìng de xiáng xì liǎo jiě yīng gāi shì fēi cháng gǔ lǎo de. zhè shì lǐ suǒ dāng rán de. zhí wù shì qí tā shēng wù shèn zhì qí tā zhí wù shí wù jīn zì tǎ de jī chǔ. tā men duì rén men de shēng huó zhì guān zhòng yào, bù jǐn zài shí wù shàng, ér qiě zài yī wù wǔ qì gōng jù rǎn liào yào wù zhù suǒ hé xǔ xǔ duō duō qí tā de yòng tú shàng. zhì jīn réng shēng huó zài yà mǎ xùn hé cóng lín zhōng de bù luò què shí néng gòu biàn shí jǐ bǎi zhòng zhí wù bìng zhī dào měi yī zhǒng de xǔ duō tè xìng. duì tā men lái shuō, zhí wù xué méi yǒu zhuān mén de míng chēng, shèn zhì kě néng gēn běn wèi bèi rèn wéi shì yī zhǒng zhuān mén zhī shí. bù xìng de shì, gōng yè huà de chéng dù yuè gāo, wǒ men jù zhí jiē yǔ zhí wù jiē chù jiù yuè yuǎn, wǒ men de zhí wù xué zhī shí de zēng jiā yě jiù yuè wēi bù zú dào. rán ér měi ge rén zài bù zhī bù jué zhōng yōng yǒu dà liàng de zhí wù xué zhī shí, hěn shǎo yǒu rén rèn bù chū méi guī píng guǒ huò lán huā. dà yuē yī wàn nián qián jū zhù zài zhōng dōng de xīn shí dài de zǔ xiān men fā xiàn mǒu xiē cǎo néng bèi shōu huò, tā men de zhǒng zi xià yī jì gēng zhòng huì shōu huò gèng duō shí, rén lèi jiù mài chū le rén hé zhí wù zhī jiān de xīn guān xì dì yī dà bù. gǔ zi bèi fā xiàn hòu, nóng yè de qí jī cóng cǐ dàn shēng: zhè jiù shì kě zāi péi de gǔ wù. cóng nà shí qǐ, rén lèi yuè lái yuè yī lài shǎo shù kě kòng zhì de zuò wù shēng cún, ér bù zài shì cóng zhòng duō de yě shēng zhǒng lèi zhōng zhè lǐ huò qǔ yì diǎn, nà lǐ huò qǔ yì diǎn. zhè yàng zài qiān wàn nián zhōng duì yú yě shēng zhí wù de jīng yàn hé mì qiè lián xì zhōng jī lěi qǐ lái de zhī shí jiù kāi shǐ xiāo shī le. |
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