| A folk culture is a small isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals. Order is maintained through sanctions based in the religion or family and interpersonal. Relationships are strong. Tradition is paramount, and change comes infrequently and slowly. There is relatively little division of labor into specialized duties. Rather, each person is expected to perform a great variety of tasks, though duties may differ between the sexes. Most goods are handmade and subsistence economy prevails. Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures as are social classes. Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada. Perhaps the nearest modern equivalent in Anglo America is the Amish, a German American farming sect that largely renounces the products and labor saving devices of the industrial age. In Amish areas, horse drawn buggies still serve as a local transportation device and the faithful are not permitted to own automobiles. The Amish's central religious concept of Demut "humility", clearly reflects the weakness of individualism and social class so typical of folk cultures and there is a corresponding strength of Amish group identity. Rarely do the Amish marry outside their sect. The religion, a variety of the Mennonite faith, provides the principal mechanism for maintaining order. By contrast a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group often highly individualistic and a pronounced many specialized professions. Secular institutions of control such as the police and army take the place of religion and family in maintaining order, and a money-based economy prevails. Because of these contrasts, "popular" may be viewed as clearly different from "folk". The popular is replacing the folk in industrialized countries and in many developing nations. Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to use or leads more prestige to the owner. | |
| 民间文化是小型的、孤立的、紧密的、保守的、近乎自给自足的群体，具有同样的习俗、同样的人种和强有力的家庭或部族结构以及高度发展的宗教仪式。 秩序由宗教或家庭的约束来维持，成员间的关系非常紧密，传统至高无上，很少有变动且变动缓慢。劳动专业分工相对较少。每个人都要做各类活计，尽管男女两性 分工不同。绝大多数物品是手工制造的，经济一般为自给自足型。个人主义和社会阶层在民间文化群体中的发展十分薄弱。在象美国和加拿大这样的工业化国家里， 一成不变的民间文化群体已不复存在了。在当代美洲的英语区，与民间文化最相似的群体也许算是Amish。Amish是美国的德裔农耕部落，他们基本上拒绝 接受工业时代的大多数产品和节省劳力的设施。在Amish地区，轻便马车仍是当地的交通工具，信徒们不允许拥有汽车。Amish宗教中的核心观念 Demut即谦卑典型地反映了在民间文化群中个人主义和阶级的不发达。而与此同时，Amish对群体的认同性却十分强。Amish人很少和他们宗派以外的 人通婚。其宗教，作为Mennonite信仰的一种，提供了维护秩序的主要机制。相反，大众文化是包含不同种族的大群体，通常高度个性化而且不断在变化。 人际关系冷漠，劳动分工明确，由此产生了许多专门的职业。世俗的控制机构，比如警察和军队，取代了宗教和家庭来维持秩序，而且实行的是货币经济。 由于存在着这些差异，"大众的"与"民间的"可谓大相径庭。在工业化国家以及许多发展中国家里，大众文化正在取代民间文化。 民间制造的物品正让位于大众化产品，这通常是因为大众化的物品制造起来更快、更便宜，用起来更容易、更方便或者是能给其所有者带来更多的威望。 |
| A folk culture is a small isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly selfsufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals. Order is maintained through sanctions based in the religion or family and interpersonal. Relationships are strong. Tradition is paramount, and change comes infrequently and slowly. There is relatively little division of labor into specialized duties. Rather, each person is expected to perform a great variety of tasks, though duties may differ between the sexes. Most goods are handmade and subsistence economy prevails. Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures as are social classes. Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada. Perhaps the nearest modern equivalent in Anglo America is the Amish, a German American farming sect that largely renounces the products and labor saving devices of the industrial age. In Amish areas, horse drawn buggies still serve as a local transportation device and the faithful are not permitted to own automobiles. The Amish' s central religious concept of Demut " humility", clearly reflects the weakness of individualism and social class so typical of folk cultures and there is a corresponding strength of Amish group identity. Rarely do the Amish marry outside their sect. The religion, a variety of the Mennonite faith, provides the principal mechanism for maintaining order. By contrast a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group often highly individualistic and a pronounced many specialized professions. Secular institutions of control such as the police and army take the place of religion and family in maintaining order, and a moneybased economy prevails. Because of these contrasts, " popular" may be viewed as clearly different from " folk". The popular is replacing the folk in industrialized countries and in many developing nations. Folkmade objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to use or leads more prestige to the owner. | |
| min jian wen hua shi xiao xing de gu li de jin mi de bao shou de jin hu zi ji zi zu de qun ti, ju you tong yang de xi su tong yang de ren zhong he qiang you li de jia ting huo bu zu jie gou yi ji gao du fa zhan de zong jiao yi shi. zhi xu you zong jiao huo jia ting de yue shu lai wei chi, cheng yuan jian de guan xi fei chang jin mi, chuan tong zhi gao wu shang, hen shao you bian dong qie bian dong huan man. lao dong zhuan ye fen gong xiang dui jiao shao. mei ge ren dou yao zuo ge lei huo ji, jin guan nan nv liang xing fen gong bu tong. jue da duo shu wu pin shi shou gong zhi zao de, jing ji yi ban wei zi ji zi zu xing. ge ren zhu yi he she hui jie ceng zai min jian wen hua qun ti zhong de fa zhan shi fen bo ruo. zai xiang mei guo he jia na da zhe yang de gong ye hua guo jia li, yi cheng bu bian de min jian wen hua qun ti yi bu fu cun zai le. zai dang dai mei zhou de ying yu qu, yu min jian wen hua zui xiang si de qun ti ye xu suan shi Amish. Amish shi mei guo de de yi nong geng bu luo, ta men ji ben shang ju jue jie shou gong ye shi dai de da duo shu chan pin he jie sheng lao li de she shi. zai Amish di qu, qing bian ma che reng shi dang di de jiao tong gong ju, xin tu men bu yun xu yong you qi che. Amish zong jiao zhong de he xin guan nian Demut ji qian bei dian xing di fan ying le zai min jian wen hua qun zhong ge ren zhu yi he jie ji de bu fa da. er yu ci tong shi, Amish dui qun ti de ren tong xing que shi fen qiang. Amish ren hen shao he ta men zong pai yi wai de ren tong hun. qi zong jiao, zuo wei Mennonite xin yang de yi zhong, ti gong le wei hu zhi xu de zhu yao ji zhi. xiang fan, da zhong wen hua shi bao han bu tong zhong zu de da qun ti, tong chang gao du ge xing hua er qie bu duan zai bian hua. ren ji guan xi leng mo, lao dong fen gong ming que, you ci chan sheng le xu duo zhuan men de zhi ye. shi su de kong zhi ji gou, bi ru jing cha he jun dui, qu dai le zong jiao he jia ting lai wei chi zhi xu, er qie shi xing de shi huo bi jing ji. you yu cun zai zhe zhei xie cha yi," da zhong de" yu" min jian de" ke wei da xiang jing ting. zai gong ye hua guo jia yi ji xu duo fa zhan zhong guo jia li, da zhong wen hua zheng zai qu dai min jian wen hua. min jian zhi zao de wu pin zheng rang wei yu da zhong hua chan pin, zhe tong chang shi yin wei da zhong hua de wu pin zhi zao qi lai geng kuai geng pian yi, yong qi lai geng rong yi geng fang bian huo zhe shi neng gei qi suo you zhe dai lai geng duo de wei wang. |
| A folk culture is a small isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly selfsufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals. Order is maintained through sanctions based in the religion or family and interpersonal. Relationships are strong. Tradition is paramount, and change comes infrequently and slowly. There is relatively little division of labor into specialized duties. Rather, each person is expected to perform a great variety of tasks, though duties may differ between the sexes. Most goods are handmade and subsistence economy prevails. Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures as are social classes. Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada. Perhaps the nearest modern equivalent in Anglo America is the Amish, a German American farming sect that largely renounces the products and labor saving devices of the industrial age. In Amish areas, horse drawn buggies still serve as a local transportation device and the faithful are not permitted to own automobiles. The Amish' s central religious concept of Demut " humility", clearly reflects the weakness of individualism and social class so typical of folk cultures and there is a corresponding strength of Amish group identity. Rarely do the Amish marry outside their sect. The religion, a variety of the Mennonite faith, provides the principal mechanism for maintaining order. By contrast a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group often highly individualistic and a pronounced many specialized professions. Secular institutions of control such as the police and army take the place of religion and family in maintaining order, and a moneybased economy prevails. Because of these contrasts, " popular" may be viewed as clearly different from " folk". The popular is replacing the folk in industrialized countries and in many developing nations. Folkmade objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to use or leads more prestige to the owner. | |
| mín jiān wén huà shì xiǎo xíng de gū lì de jǐn mì de bǎo shǒu de jìn hū zì jǐ zì zú de qún tǐ, jù yǒu tóng yàng de xí sú tóng yàng de rén zhǒng hé qiáng yǒu lì de jiā tíng huò bù zú jié gòu yǐ jí gāo dù fā zhǎn de zōng jiào yí shì. zhì xù yóu zōng jiào huò jiā tíng de yuē shù lái wéi chí, chéng yuán jiān de guān xì fēi cháng jǐn mì, chuán tǒng zhì gāo wú shàng, hěn shǎo yǒu biàn dòng qiě biàn dòng huǎn màn. láo dòng zhuān yè fēn gōng xiāng duì jiào shǎo. měi ge rén dōu yào zuò gè lèi huó jì, jǐn guǎn nán nǚ liǎng xìng fēn gōng bù tóng. jué dà duō shù wù pǐn shì shǒu gōng zhì zào de, jīng jì yì bān wèi zì jǐ zì zú xíng. gè rén zhǔ yì hé shè huì jiē céng zài mín jiān wén huà qún tǐ zhōng de fā zhǎn shí fēn bó ruò. zài xiàng měi guó hé jiā ná dà zhè yàng de gōng yè huà guó jiā lǐ, yī chéng bù biàn de mín jiān wén huà qún tǐ yǐ bù fù cún zài le. zài dāng dài měi zhōu de yīng yǔ qū, yǔ mín jiān wén huà zuì xiāng sì de qún tǐ yě xǔ suàn shì Amish. Amish shì měi guó de dé yì nóng gēng bù luò, tā men jī běn shàng jù jué jiē shòu gōng yè shí dài de dà duō shù chǎn pǐn hé jié shěng láo lì de shè shī. zài Amish dì qū, qīng biàn mǎ chē réng shì dāng dì de jiāo tōng gōng jù, xìn tú men bù yǔn xǔ yōng yǒu qì chē. Amish zōng jiào zhōng de hé xīn guān niàn Demut jí qiān bēi diǎn xíng dì fǎn yìng le zài mín jiān wén huà qún zhōng gè rén zhǔ yì hé jiē jí de bù fā dá. ér yú cǐ tóng shí, Amish duì qún tǐ de rèn tóng xìng què shí fēn qiáng. Amish rén hěn shǎo hé tā men zōng pài yǐ wài de rén tōng hūn. qí zōng jiào, zuò wéi Mennonite xìn yǎng de yī zhǒng, tí gōng le wéi hù zhì xù de zhǔ yào jī zhì. xiāng fǎn, dà zhòng wén huà shì bāo hán bù tóng zhǒng zú de dà qún tǐ, tōng cháng gāo dù gè xìng huà ér qiě bù duàn zài biàn huà. rén jì guān xì lěng mò, láo dòng fēn gōng míng què, yóu cǐ chǎn shēng le xǔ duō zhuān mén de zhí yè. shì sú de kòng zhì jī gòu, bǐ rú jǐng chá hé jūn duì, qǔ dài le zōng jiào hé jiā tíng lái wéi chí zhì xù, ér qiě shí xíng de shì huò bì jīng jì. yóu yú cún zài zhe zhèi xiē chā yì," dà zhòng de" yǔ" mín jiān de" kě wèi dà xiāng jìng tíng. zài gōng yè huà guó jiā yǐ jí xǔ duō fā zhǎn zhōng guó jiā lǐ, dà zhòng wén huà zhèng zài qǔ dài mín jiān wén huà. mín jiān zhì zào de wù pǐn zhèng ràng wèi yú dà zhòng huà chǎn pǐn, zhè tōng cháng shì yīn wèi dà zhòng huà de wù pǐn zhì zào qǐ lái gèng kuài gèng pián yí, yòng qǐ lái gèng róng yì gèng fāng biàn huò zhě shì néng gěi qí suǒ yǒu zhě dài lái gèng duō de wēi wàng. |
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