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A folk culture is a small isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly selfsufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals. Order is maintained through sanctions based in the religion or family and interpersonal. Relationships are strong. Tradition is paramount, and change comes infrequently and slowly. There is relatively little division of labor into specialized duties. Rather, each person is expected to perform a great variety of tasks, though duties may differ between the sexes. Most goods are handmade and subsistence economy prevails. Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures as are social classes. Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada. Perhaps the nearest modern equivalent in Anglo America is the Amish, a German American farming sect that largely renounces the products and labor saving devices of the industrial age. In Amish areas, horse drawn buggies still serve as a local transportation device and the faithful are not permitted to own automobiles. The Amish' s central religious concept of Demut " humility", clearly reflects the weakness of individualism and social class so typical of folk cultures and there is a corresponding strength of Amish group identity. Rarely do the Amish marry outside their sect. The religion, a variety of the Mennonite faith, provides the principal mechanism for maintaining order. By contrast a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group often highly individualistic and a pronounced many specialized professions. Secular institutions of control such as the police and army take the place of religion and family in maintaining order, and a moneybased economy prevails. Because of these contrasts, " popular" may be viewed as clearly different from " folk". The popular is replacing the folk in industrialized countries and in many developing nations. Folkmade objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to use or leads more prestige to the owner. |
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mín jiān wén huà shì xiǎo xíng de gū lì de jǐn mì de bǎo shǒu de jìn hū zì jǐ zì zú de qún tǐ, jù yǒu tóng yàng de xí sú tóng yàng de rén zhǒng hé qiáng yǒu lì de jiā tíng huò bù zú jié gòu yǐ jí gāo dù fā zhǎn de zōng jiào yí shì. zhì xù yóu zōng jiào huò jiā tíng de yuē shù lái wéi chí, chéng yuán jiān de guān xì fēi cháng jǐn mì, chuán tǒng zhì gāo wú shàng, hěn shǎo yǒu biàn dòng qiě biàn dòng huǎn màn. láo dòng zhuān yè fēn gōng xiāng duì jiào shǎo. měi ge rén dōu yào zuò gè lèi huó jì, jǐn guǎn nán nǚ liǎng xìng fēn gōng bù tóng. jué dà duō shù wù pǐn shì shǒu gōng zhì zào de, jīng jì yì bān wèi zì jǐ zì zú xíng. gè rén zhǔ yì hé shè huì jiē céng zài mín jiān wén huà qún tǐ zhōng de fā zhǎn shí fēn bó ruò. zài xiàng měi guó hé jiā ná dà zhè yàng de gōng yè huà guó jiā lǐ, yī chéng bù biàn de mín jiān wén huà qún tǐ yǐ bù fù cún zài le. zài dāng dài měi zhōu de yīng yǔ qū, yǔ mín jiān wén huà zuì xiāng sì de qún tǐ yě xǔ suàn shì Amish. Amish shì měi guó de dé yì nóng gēng bù luò, tā men jī běn shàng jù jué jiē shòu gōng yè shí dài de dà duō shù chǎn pǐn hé jié shěng láo lì de shè shī. zài Amish dì qū, qīng biàn mǎ chē réng shì dāng dì de jiāo tōng gōng jù, xìn tú men bù yǔn xǔ yōng yǒu qì chē. Amish zōng jiào zhōng de hé xīn guān niàn Demut jí qiān bēi diǎn xíng dì fǎn yìng le zài mín jiān wén huà qún zhōng gè rén zhǔ yì hé jiē jí de bù fā dá. ér yú cǐ tóng shí, Amish duì qún tǐ de rèn tóng xìng què shí fēn qiáng. Amish rén hěn shǎo hé tā men zōng pài yǐ wài de rén tōng hūn. qí zōng jiào, zuò wéi Mennonite xìn yǎng de yī zhǒng, tí gōng le wéi hù zhì xù de zhǔ yào jī zhì. xiāng fǎn, dà zhòng wén huà shì bāo hán bù tóng zhǒng zú de dà qún tǐ, tōng cháng gāo dù gè xìng huà ér qiě bù duàn zài biàn huà. rén jì guān xì lěng mò, láo dòng fēn gōng míng què, yóu cǐ chǎn shēng le xǔ duō zhuān mén de zhí yè. shì sú de kòng zhì jī gòu, bǐ rú jǐng chá hé jūn duì, qǔ dài le zōng jiào hé jiā tíng lái wéi chí zhì xù, ér qiě shí xíng de shì huò bì jīng jì. yóu yú cún zài zhe zhèi xiē chā yì," dà zhòng de" yǔ" mín jiān de" kě wèi dà xiāng jìng tíng. zài gōng yè huà guó jiā yǐ jí xǔ duō fā zhǎn zhōng guó jiā lǐ, dà zhòng wén huà zhèng zài qǔ dài mín jiān wén huà. mín jiān zhì zào de wù pǐn zhèng ràng wèi yú dà zhòng huà chǎn pǐn, zhè tōng cháng shì yīn wèi dà zhòng huà de wù pǐn zhì zào qǐ lái gèng kuài gèng pián yí, yòng qǐ lái gèng róng yì gèng fāng biàn huò zhě shì néng gěi qí suǒ yǒu zhě dài lái gèng duō de wēi wàng. |