| Archaeology is a source of history, not just a bumble auxiliary discipline. Archaeological data are historical documents in their own right, not mere illustrations to written texts, Just as much as any other historian, an archaeologist studies and tries to reconstitute the process that has created the human world in which we live - and us ourselves in so far as we are each creatures of our age and social environment. Archaeological data are all changes in the material world resulting from human action or, more succinctly, the fossilized results of human behavior. The sum total of these constitutes what may be called the archaeological record. This record exhibits certain peculiarities and deficiencies the consequences of which produce a rather superficial contrast between archaeological history and the more familiar kind based upon written records. Not all human behavior fossilizes. The words I utter and you hear as vibrations in the air are certainly human changes in the material world and may be of great historical significance. Yet they leave no sort of trace in the archaeological records unless they are captured by a dictaphone or written down by a clerk. The movement of troops on the battlefield may "change the course of history," but this is equally ephemeral from the archaeologist's standpoint. What is perhaps worse, most organic materials are perishable. Everything made of wood, hide, wool, linen, grass, hair, and similar materials will decay and vanish in dust in a few years or centuries, save under very exceptional conditions. In a relatively brief period the archaeological record is reduce to mere scraps of stone, bone, glass, metal, and earthenware. Still modern archaeology, by applying appropriate techniques and comparative methods, aided by a few lucky finds from peat-bogs, deserts, and frozen soils, is able to fill up a good deal of the gap. | |
| 考古学是历史学的一个来源，而不是地位卑微的辅助学科。 考古学资料本身也是一种历史文献，而不仅仅是文字资料的例证。 正象任何一位历史学家那样，考古学家研究调查并尽力去重构一个过程。 这个过程创造了我们生活的人类世界，也创造了我们自身，因为我们都是我们所处的时代和社会环境的产物。 考古学的资料就是人类行为所造成的物质变化。 更简洁地说，是石化了的人类行为。 这些变化的总和构成了我们所说的考古学记录。 这些记录自有其独特和不足之处，因而导致人们对考古历史和更熟悉的文字记载历史进行相当肤浅的对比。并不是所有的人类行为都留下化石。 我说的话，你通过空气振动听见，这当然是人类造成的物质变化，也可能有重大的历史意义，但这些话在考古学中未留下丝毫痕迹，除非有人用录音机录下来或文书 把这些话写了下来。 战场上军队的行动可能"改变历史的进程"，但从考古学的观点来看，这同样是难以捕捉的；可能更糟的是，多数有机物质会腐烂。 任何由木头、生皮、绒线、亚麻、草、毛发以及相似物质做成的东西除非在一些非常特殊的条件下，几年或几个世纪以后，会在尘土中腐烂并消失。 在短时期内，能留下考古记录的东西也都会退化为石头、骨头、玻璃、金属和陶器的碎片。 然而，现代考古学通过运用适当的技术和比较的方法，在从泥炭、沙漠和冻土中所获得的一些幸运发现的辅助下，能够填充这个空缺的很大部分。 |
| Archaeology is a source of history, not just a bumble auxiliary discipline. Archaeological data are historical documents in their own right, not mere illustrations to written texts, Just as much as any other historian, an archaeologist studies and tries to reconstitute the process that has created the human world in which we live and us ourselves in so far as we are each creatures of our age and social environment. Archaeological data are all changes in the material world resulting from human action or, more succinctly, the fossilized results of human behavior. The sum total of these constitutes what may be called the archaeological record. This record exhibits certain peculiarities and deficiencies the consequences of which produce a rather superficial contrast between archaeological history and the more familiar kind based upon written records. Not all human behavior fossilizes. The words I utter and you hear as vibrations in the air are certainly human changes in the material world and may be of great historical significance. Yet they leave no sort of trace in the archaeological records unless they are captured by a dictaphone or written down by a clerk. The movement of troops on the battlefield may " change the course of history," but this is equally ephemeral from the archaeologist' s standpoint. What is perhaps worse, most organic materials are perishable. Everything made of wood, hide, wool, linen, grass, hair, and similar materials will decay and vanish in dust in a few years or centuries, save under very exceptional conditions. In a relatively brief period the archaeological record is reduce to mere scraps of stone, bone, glass, metal, and earthenware. Still modern archaeology, by applying appropriate techniques and comparative methods, aided by a few lucky finds from peatbogs, deserts, and frozen soils, is able to fill up a good deal of the gap. | |
| kao gu xue shi li shi xue de yi ge lai yuan, er bu shi di wei bei wei de fu zhu xue ke. kao gu xue zi liao ben shen ye shi yi zhong li shi wen xian, er bu jin jin shi wen zi zi liao de li zheng. zheng xiang ren he yi wei li shi xue jia na yang, kao gu xue jia yan jiu diao cha bing jin li qu chong gou yi ge guo cheng. zhe ge guo cheng chuang zao le wo men sheng huo de ren lei shi jie, ye chuang zao le wo men zi shen, yin wei wo men dou shi wo men suo chu de shi dai he she hui huan jing de chan wu. kao gu xue de zi liao jiu shi ren lei xing wei suo zao cheng de wu zhi bian hua. geng jian jie di shuo, shi shi hua le de ren lei xing wei. zhei xie bian hua de zong he gou cheng le wo men suo shuo de kao gu xue ji lu. zhei xie ji lu zi you qi du te he bu zu zhi chu, yin er dao zhi ren men dui kao gu li shi he geng shu xi de wen zi ji zai li shi jin xing xiang dang fu qian de dui bi. bing bu shi suo you de ren lei xing wei dou liu xia hua shi. wo shuo de hua, ni tong guo kong qi zhen dong ting jian, zhe dang ran shi ren lei zao cheng de wu zhi bian hua, ye ke neng you zhong da de li shi yi yi, dan zhei xie hua zai kao gu xue zhong wei liu xia si hao hen ji, chu fei you ren yong lu yin ji lu xia lai huo wen shu ba zhei xie hua xie le xia lai. zhan chang shang jun dui de xing dong ke neng" gai bian li shi de jin cheng", dan cong kao gu xue de guan dian lai kan, zhe tong yang shi nan yi bu zhuo de ke neng geng zao de shi, duo shu you ji wu zhi hui fu lan. ren he you mu tou sheng pi rong xian ya ma cao mao fa yi ji xiang si wu zhi zuo cheng de dong xi chu fei zai yi xie fei chang te shu de tiao jian xia, ji nian huo ji ge shi ji yi hou, hui zai chen tu zhong fu lan bing xiao shi. zai duan shi qi nei, neng liu xia kao gu ji lu de dong xi ye dou hui tui hua wei shi tou gu tou bo li jin shu he tao qi de sui pian. ran er, xian dai kao gu xue tong guo yun yong shi dang de ji shu he bi jiao de fang fa, zai cong ni tan sha mo he dong tu zhong suo huo de de yi xie xing yun fa xian de fu zhu xia, neng gou tian chong zhe ge kong que de hen da bu fen. |
| Archaeology is a source of history, not just a bumble auxiliary discipline. Archaeological data are historical documents in their own right, not mere illustrations to written texts, Just as much as any other historian, an archaeologist studies and tries to reconstitute the process that has created the human world in which we live and us ourselves in so far as we are each creatures of our age and social environment. Archaeological data are all changes in the material world resulting from human action or, more succinctly, the fossilized results of human behavior. The sum total of these constitutes what may be called the archaeological record. This record exhibits certain peculiarities and deficiencies the consequences of which produce a rather superficial contrast between archaeological history and the more familiar kind based upon written records. Not all human behavior fossilizes. The words I utter and you hear as vibrations in the air are certainly human changes in the material world and may be of great historical significance. Yet they leave no sort of trace in the archaeological records unless they are captured by a dictaphone or written down by a clerk. The movement of troops on the battlefield may " change the course of history," but this is equally ephemeral from the archaeologist' s standpoint. What is perhaps worse, most organic materials are perishable. Everything made of wood, hide, wool, linen, grass, hair, and similar materials will decay and vanish in dust in a few years or centuries, save under very exceptional conditions. In a relatively brief period the archaeological record is reduce to mere scraps of stone, bone, glass, metal, and earthenware. Still modern archaeology, by applying appropriate techniques and comparative methods, aided by a few lucky finds from peatbogs, deserts, and frozen soils, is able to fill up a good deal of the gap. | |
| kǎo gǔ xué shì lì shǐ xué de yí gè lái yuán, ér bú shì dì wèi bēi wēi de fǔ zhù xué kē. kǎo gǔ xué zī liào běn shēn yě shì yī zhǒng lì shǐ wén xiàn, ér bù jǐn jǐn shì wén zì zī liào de lì zhèng. zhèng xiàng rèn hé yī wèi lì shǐ xué jiā nà yàng, kǎo gǔ xué jiā yán jiū diào chá bìng jìn lì qù chóng gòu yí gè guò chéng. zhè gè guò chéng chuàng zào le wǒ men shēng huó de rén lèi shì jiè, yě chuàng zào le wǒ men zì shēn, yīn wèi wǒ men dōu shì wǒ men suǒ chǔ de shí dài hé shè huì huán jìng de chǎn wù. kǎo gǔ xué de zī liào jiù shì rén lèi xíng wéi suǒ zào chéng de wù zhì biàn huà. gèng jiǎn jié dì shuō, shì shí huà le de rén lèi xíng wéi. zhèi xiē biàn huà de zǒng hé gòu chéng le wǒ men suǒ shuō de kǎo gǔ xué jì lù. zhèi xiē jì lù zì yǒu qí dú tè hé bù zú zhī chù, yīn ér dǎo zhì rén men duì kǎo gǔ lì shǐ hé gèng shú xī de wén zì jì zǎi lì shǐ jìn xíng xiāng dāng fū qiǎn de duì bǐ. bìng bú shì suǒ yǒu de rén lèi xíng wéi dōu liú xià huà shí. wǒ shuō de huà, nǐ tōng guò kōng qì zhèn dòng tīng jiàn, zhè dāng rán shì rén lèi zào chéng de wù zhì biàn huà, yě kě néng yǒu zhòng dà de lì shǐ yì yì, dàn zhèi xiē huà zài kǎo gǔ xué zhōng wèi liú xià sī háo hén jī, chú fēi yǒu rén yòng lù yīn jī lù xià lái huò wén shū bǎ zhèi xiē huà xiě le xià lái. zhàn chǎng shàng jūn duì de xíng dòng kě néng" gǎi biàn lì shǐ de jìn chéng", dàn cóng kǎo gǔ xué de guān diǎn lái kàn, zhè tóng yàng shì nán yǐ bǔ zhuō de kě néng gèng zāo de shì, duō shù yǒu jī wù zhì huì fǔ làn. rèn hé yóu mù tou shēng pí róng xiàn yà má cǎo máo fà yǐ jí xiāng sì wù zhì zuò chéng de dōng xī chú fēi zài yī xiē fēi cháng tè shū de tiáo jiàn xià, jǐ nián huò jǐ gè shì jì yǐ hòu, huì zài chén tǔ zhōng fǔ làn bìng xiāo shī. zài duǎn shí qī nèi, néng liú xià kǎo gǔ jì lù de dōng xī yě dōu huì tuì huà wéi shí tou gú tou bō lí jīn shǔ hé táo qì de suì piàn. rán ér, xiàn dài kǎo gǔ xué tōng guò yùn yòng shì dàng de jì shù hé bǐ jiào de fāng fǎ, zài cóng ní tàn shā mò hé dòng tǔ zhōng suǒ huò dé de yī xiē xìng yùn fā xiàn de fǔ zhù xià, néng gòu tián chōng zhè gè kòng quē de hěn dà bù fèn. |
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