| In the late eighteenth century, battles raged in almost every corner of Europe, as well as in the Middle East, south Africa ,the West Indies, and Latin America. In reality, however, there was only one major war during this time, the war between Britain and France. All other battles were ancillary to this larger conflict, and were often at least partially related to its antagonist’ goals and strategies. France sought total domination of Europe . this goal was obstructed by British independence and Britain’s efforts throughout the continent to thwart Napoleon; through treaties. Britain built coalitions (not dissimilar in concept to today’s NATO) guaranteeing British participation in all major European conflicts. These two antagonists were poorly matched, insofar as they had very unequal strengths; France was predominant on land, Britain at sea. The French knew that, short of defeating the British navy, their only hope of victory was to close all the ports of Europe to British ships. Accordingly, France set out to overcome Britain by extending its military domination from Moscow t Lisbon, from Jutland to Calabria. All of this entailed tremendous risk, because France did not have the military resources to control this much territory and still protect itself and maintain order at home. French strategists calculated that a navy of 150 ships would provide the force necessary to defeat the British navy. Such a force would give France a three-to-two advantage over Britain. This advantage was deemed necessary because of Britain’s superior sea skills and technology because of Britain’s superior sea skills and technology, and also because Britain would be fighting a defensive war, allowing it to win with fewer forces. Napoleon never lost substantial impediment to his control of Europe. As his force neared that goal, Napoleon grew increasingly impatient and began planning an immediate attack. | |
| 在18世纪后期，战争爆发于欧洲大陆的几乎每一个角落，在中东、南非、西印度群岛、拉丁美洲亦都是如此。 然而实际上，在这一时期只有一场主要的战争，那就是英法之间的战争。 所有其他战争都服从于这一更大的争端，至少是与这两个对手的目标和战略有某些关联。 法国力图统治整个欧洲，而英国的自主及其力图在整个欧洲大陆挫败拿破仑的种种努力都是法国实现这一目标的障碍。英国通过条约建立了联盟(和今天北约的概念 没有什么不同)以保证英国插手所有欧洲的主要争端。 这两个对头并不是一对好对手，因为他们的力量极不均衡：法兰西在陆地上称王，英格兰则在海上称霸。 法国人明白，如果不能击败英国海军，他们胜利的唯一希望就是让欧洲的所有港口都对英国舰船关闭。 于是，法国将其军事占领从莫斯科延伸到里斯本，从尤特兰延伸到卡拉布里亚，企图以此来制服英国。 所有这些行动包含着巨大的风险，因为法国并不具备足够的军事资源，来控制这么多地盘，同时又能保护自己，维持国内的秩序。法国战略家们的算盘是，其海军若 拥有150艘军舰，则将足以击跨英国海军。 这样的武力将使法国对英国具有3比2的优势。 这种优势被认为是必不可少的，因为英国人具有超群的海上技能和技术，并且打的是一场防御战争，使它能以少胜多。 拿破仑从未忘却他的目标，因为英国是他统治全欧的最后一个重大的障碍。 随着他的力量越来越靠近这个目标，拿破仑变得越来越不耐烦起来，开始策划立即攻击。 |
| In the late eighteenth century, battles raged in almost every corner of Europe, as well as in the Middle East, south Africa , the West Indies, and Latin America. In reality, however, there was only one major war during this time, the war between Britain and France. All other battles were ancillary to this larger conflict, and were often at least partially related to its antagonist' goals and strategies. France sought total domination of Europe . this goal was obstructed by British independence and Britain' s efforts throughout the continent to thwart Napoleon through treaties. Britain built coalitions not dissimilar in concept to today' s NATO guaranteeing British participation in all major European conflicts. These two antagonists were poorly matched, insofar as they had very unequal strengths France was predominant on land, Britain at sea. The French knew that, short of defeating the British navy, their only hope of victory was to close all the ports of Europe to British ships. Accordingly, France set out to overcome Britain by extending its military domination from Moscow t Lisbon, from Jutland to Calabria. All of this entailed tremendous risk, because France did not have the military resources to control this much territory and still protect itself and maintain order at home. French strategists calculated that a navy of 150 ships would provide the force necessary to defeat the British navy. Such a force would give France a threetotwo advantage over Britain. This advantage was deemed necessary because of Britain' s superior sea skills and technology because of Britain' s superior sea skills and technology, and also because Britain would be fighting a defensive war, allowing it to win with fewer forces. Napoleon never lost substantial impediment to his control of Europe. As his force neared that goal, Napoleon grew increasingly impatient and began planning an immediate attack. | |
| zai 18 shi ji hou qi, zhan zheng bao fa yu ou zhou da lu de ji hu mei yi ge jiao luo, zai zhong dong nan fei xi yin du qun dao la ding mei zhou yi dou shi ru ci. ran er shi ji shang, zai zhe yi shi qi zhi you yi chang zhu yao de zhan zheng, na jiu shi ying fa zhi jian de zhan zheng. suo you qi ta zhan zheng dou fu cong yu zhe yi geng da de zheng duan, zhi shao shi yu zhe liang ge dui shou de mu biao he zhan lue you mou xie guan lian. fa guo li tu tong zhi zheng ge ou zhou, er ying guo de zi zhu ji qi li tu zai zheng ge ou zhou da lu cuo bai na po lun de zhong zhong nu li dou shi fa guo shi xian zhe yi mu biao di zhang ai. ying guo tong guo tiao yue jian li le lian meng he jin tian bei yue de gai nian mei you shen me bu tong yi bao zheng ying guo cha shou suo you ou zhou de zhu yao zheng duan. zhe liang ge dui tou bing bu shi yi dui hao dui shou, yin wei ta men de li liang ji bu jun heng: fa lan xi zai lu di shang cheng wang, ying ge lan ze zai hai shang cheng ba. fa guo ren ming bai, ru guo bu neng ji bai ying guo hai jun, ta men sheng li de wei yi xi wang jiu shi rang ou zhou de suo you gang kou dou dui ying guo jian chuan guan bi. yu shi, fa guo jiang qi jun shi zhan ling cong mo si ke yan shen dao li si ben, cong you te lan yan shen dao ka la bu li ya, qi tu yi ci lai zhi fu ying guo. suo you zhei xie xing dong bao han zhe ju da de feng xian, yin wei fa guo bing bu ju bei zu gou de jun shi zi yuan, lai kong zhi zhe me duo di pan, tong shi you neng bao hu zi ji, wei chi guo nei de zhi xu. fa guo zhan lue jia men de suan pan shi, qi hai jun ruo yong you 150 sou jun jian, ze jiang zu yi ji kua ying guo hai jun. zhe yang de wu li jiang shi fa guo dui ying guo ju you 3 bi 2 de you shi. zhe zhong you shi bei ren wei shi bi bu ke shao de, yin wei ying guo ren ju you chao qun de hai shang ji neng he ji shu, bing qie da de shi yi chang fang yu zhan zheng, shi ta neng yi shao sheng duo. na po lun cong wei wang que ta de mu biao, yin wei ying guo shi ta tong zhi quan ou de zui hou yi ge zhong da de zhang ai. sui zhe ta de li liang yue lai yue kao jin zhe ge mu biao, na po lun bian de yue lai yue bu nai fan qi lai, kai shi ce hua li ji gong ji. |
| In the late eighteenth century, battles raged in almost every corner of Europe, as well as in the Middle East, south Africa , the West Indies, and Latin America. In reality, however, there was only one major war during this time, the war between Britain and France. All other battles were ancillary to this larger conflict, and were often at least partially related to its antagonist' goals and strategies. France sought total domination of Europe . this goal was obstructed by British independence and Britain' s efforts throughout the continent to thwart Napoleon through treaties. Britain built coalitions not dissimilar in concept to today' s NATO guaranteeing British participation in all major European conflicts. These two antagonists were poorly matched, insofar as they had very unequal strengths France was predominant on land, Britain at sea. The French knew that, short of defeating the British navy, their only hope of victory was to close all the ports of Europe to British ships. Accordingly, France set out to overcome Britain by extending its military domination from Moscow t Lisbon, from Jutland to Calabria. All of this entailed tremendous risk, because France did not have the military resources to control this much territory and still protect itself and maintain order at home. French strategists calculated that a navy of 150 ships would provide the force necessary to defeat the British navy. Such a force would give France a threetotwo advantage over Britain. This advantage was deemed necessary because of Britain' s superior sea skills and technology because of Britain' s superior sea skills and technology, and also because Britain would be fighting a defensive war, allowing it to win with fewer forces. Napoleon never lost substantial impediment to his control of Europe. As his force neared that goal, Napoleon grew increasingly impatient and began planning an immediate attack. | |
| zài 18 shì jì hòu qī, zhàn zhēng bào fā yú ōu zhōu dà lù de jī hū měi yí gè jiǎo luò, zài zhōng dōng nán fēi xī yìn dù qún dǎo lā dīng měi zhōu yì dōu shì rú cǐ. rán ér shí jì shang, zài zhè yī shí qī zhǐ yǒu yī chǎng zhǔ yào de zhàn zhēng, nà jiù shì yīng fǎ zhī jiān de zhàn zhēng. suǒ yǒu qí tā zhàn zhēng dōu fú cóng yú zhè yī gēng dà de zhēng duān, zhì shǎo shì yǔ zhè liǎng gè duì shǒu de mù biāo hé zhàn lüè yǒu mǒu xiē guān lián. fǎ guó lì tú tǒng zhì zhěng gè ōu zhōu, ér yīng guó de zì zhǔ jí qí lì tú zài zhěng gè ōu zhōu dà lù cuò bài ná pò lún de zhǒng zhǒng nǔ lì dōu shì fǎ guó shí xiàn zhè yī mù biāo dì zhàng ài. yīng guó tōng guò tiáo yuē jiàn lì le lián méng hé jīn tiān běi yuē de gài niàn méi yǒu shén me bù tóng yǐ bǎo zhèng yīng guó chā shǒu suǒ yǒu ōu zhōu de zhǔ yào zhēng duān. zhè liǎng gè duì tóu bìng bú shì yī duì hǎo duì shǒu, yīn wèi tā men de lì liàng jí bù jūn héng: fǎ lán xī zài lù dì shàng chēng wáng, yīng gé lán zé zài hǎi shàng chēng bà. fǎ guó rén míng bái, rú guǒ bù néng jī bài yīng guó hǎi jūn, tā men shèng lì de wéi yī xī wàng jiù shì ràng ōu zhōu de suǒ yǒu gǎng kǒu dōu duì yīng guó jiàn chuán guān bì. yú shì, fǎ guó jiāng qí jūn shì zhàn lǐng cóng mò sī kē yán shēn dào lǐ sī běn, cóng yóu tè lán yán shēn dào kǎ lā bù lǐ yà, qǐ tú yǐ cǐ lái zhì fú yīng guó. suǒ yǒu zhèi xiē xíng dòng bāo hán zhe jù dà de fēng xiǎn, yīn wèi fǎ guó bìng bù jù bèi zú gòu de jūn shì zī yuán, lái kòng zhì zhè me duō dì pán, tóng shí yòu néng bǎo hù zì jǐ, wéi chí guó nèi de zhì xù. fǎ guó zhàn lüè jiā men de suàn pán shì, qí hǎi jūn ruò yōng yǒu 150 sōu jūn jiàn, zé jiāng zú yǐ jī kuà yīng guó hǎi jūn. zhè yàng de wǔ lì jiāng shǐ fǎ guó duì yīng guó jù yǒu 3 bǐ 2 de yōu shì. zhè zhǒng yōu shì bèi rèn wéi shì bì bù kě shǎo de, yīn wèi yīng guó rén jù yǒu chāo qún de hǎi shàng jì néng hé jì shù, bìng qiě dǎ de shì yī chǎng fáng yù zhàn zhēng, shǐ tā néng yǐ shǎo shèng duō. ná pò lún cóng wèi wàng què tā de mù biāo, yīn wèi yīng guó shì tā tǒng zhì quán ōu de zuì hòu yí gè zhòng dà de zhàng ài. suí zhe tā de lì liàng yuè lái yuè kào jìn zhè gè mù biāo, ná pò lún biàn de yuè lái yuè bù nài fán qǐ lái, kāi shǐ cè huà lì jí gōng jī. |
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