| If by "suburb" is meant an urban margin that grows more rapidly than its already developed interior, the | |
| process of suburbanization began during the emergence of the industrial city in the second quarter of the nineteenth century. Before that period the city was a small highly compact cluster in which people moved about on foot and goods were conveyed by horse and cart. But the early factories built in the 1840's were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities, and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect of employment. In time, the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns of apartments and row houses that abutted the older, main cities. As a defense against this encroachment and to enlarge their tax bases, the cities appropriated their industrial neighbors. In 1854, for example, the city of Philadelphia annexed most of Philadelphia County. Similar municipal maneuvers took place in Chicago and in New York. Indeed, most great cities of the United States achieved such status only by incorporating the communities along their borders. With the acceleration of industrial growth came acute urban crowding and accompanying social stress-conditions that began to approach disastrous proportions when, in 1888, the first commercially successful electric traction line was developed. Within a few years the horse-drawn trolleys were retired and electric streetcar networks crisscrossed and connected every major urban area, fostering a wave of suburbanization that transformed the compact industrial city into a dispersed metropolis. This first phase of mass-scale suburbanization was reinforced by the simultaneous emergence of the urban Middle Class, whose desires for homeownership in neighborhoods far from the aging inner city were satisfied by the developers of single-family housing tracts. | |
| 如果"郊区"指的是比已建好的城市内部发展更为迅速的城市边缘地带，那么郊区化可以说始于1825年至1850年工业化城市出现期间。 在这之前，城市只是高度密集的小聚居群。 在其中，人们步行走动，商品靠马车来运送。 但是建于18世纪三四十年代的早期工厂位于城边的航道和铁路附近，被工作机会吸引到这里的成千上万的人们需要住房。 渐渐地，在与旧有的主要城区相毗邻的地方，不断涌现出由排房和公寓楼组成的工人聚居区，包围了工厂。作为对这种侵蚀的自卫，也为了扩大它们收税的地域范 围，城市吞并了工业化的临近地带，比如1854年费城的城区就兼并了费县的绝大部分地区。 相似的城市化也发生在芝加哥和纽约。 今天很多美国的大城市其实就是靠吞并它们附近的边缘地区而变成大都会的。随着工业化的加速发展，城市里出现了严重拥挤和相伴而来的社会压力。 当1888年第一条商业上成功的电气化铁轨被制造出来时，压力开始接近危机的程度。 几年之内，马车就被废弃了，电车网相互交织连接着各个重要的城区，从而形成了一种郊区化的潮流，即密集的工业城市转变成了分散的都市。 此时城市中产阶级的出现进一步加强了第一波大规模郊区化。 这些中产阶级希望在远离老旧城市的地区拥有住宅，单一家庭住宅地区的开发者满足了他们的愿望。 |
| If by " suburb" is meant an urban margin that grows more rapidly than its already developed interior, the | |
| process of suburbanization began during the emergence of the industrial city in the second quarter of the nineteenth century. Before that period the city was a small highly compact cluster in which people moved about on foot and goods were conveyed by horse and cart. But the early factories built in the 1840' s were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities, and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect of employment. In time, the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns of apartments and row houses that abutted the older, main cities. As a defense against this encroachment and to enlarge their tax bases, the cities appropriated their industrial neighbors. In 1854, for example, the city of Philadelphia annexed most of Philadelphia County. Similar municipal maneuvers took place in Chicago and in New York. Indeed, most great cities of the United States achieved such status only by incorporating the communities along their borders. With the acceleration of industrial growth came acute urban crowding and accompanying social stressconditions that began to approach disastrous proportions when, in 1888, the first commercially successful electric traction line was developed. Within a few years the horsedrawn trolleys were retired and electric streetcar networks crisscrossed and connected every major urban area, fostering a wave of suburbanization that transformed the compact industrial city into a dispersed metropolis. This first phase of massscale suburbanization was reinforced by the simultaneous emergence of the urban Middle Class, whose desires for homeownership in neighborhoods far from the aging inner city were satisfied by the developers of singlefamily housing tracts. | |
| ru guo" jiao qu" zhi de shi bi yi jian hao de cheng shi nei bu fa zhan geng wei xun su de cheng shi bian yuan di dai, na me jiao qu hua ke yi shuo shi yu 1825 nian zhi 1850 nian gong ye hua cheng shi chu xian qi jian. zai zhe zhi qian, cheng shi zhi shi gao du mi ji de xiao ju ju qun. zai qi zhong, ren men bu xing zou dong, shang pin kao ma che lai yun song. dan shi jian yu 18 shi ji san si shi nian dai de zao qi gong chang wei yu cheng bian de hang dao he tie lu fu jin, bei gong zuo ji hui xi yin dao zhe li de cheng qian shang wan de ren men xu yao zhu fang. jian jian di, zai yu jiu you de zhu yao cheng qu xiang pi lin de di fang, bu duan yong xian chu you pai fang he gong yu lou zu cheng de gong ren ju ju qu, bao wei le gong chang. zuo wei dui zhe zhong qin shi de zi wei, ye wei le kuo da ta men shou shui de di yu fan wei, cheng shi tun bing le gong ye hua de lin jin di dai, bi ru 1854 nian fei cheng de cheng qu jiu jian bing le fei xian de jue da bu fen di qu. xiang si de cheng shi hua ye fa sheng zai zhi jia ge he niu yue. jin tian hen duo mei guo de dai cheng shi qi shi jiu shi kao tun bing ta men fu jin de bian yuan di qu er bian cheng da du hui de. sui zhe gong ye hua de jia su fa zhan, cheng shi li chu xian le yan zhong yong ji he xiang ban er lai de she hui ya li. dang 1888 nian di yi tiao shang ye shang cheng gong de dian qi hua tie gui bei zhi zao chu lai shi, ya li kai shi jie jin wei ji de cheng du. ji nian zhi nei, ma che jiu bei fei qi le, dian che wang xiang hu jiao zhi lian jie zhe ge ge zhong yao de cheng qu, cong er xing cheng le yi zhong jiao qu hua de chao liu, ji mi ji de gong ye cheng shi zhuan bian cheng le fen san de du shi. ci shi cheng shi zhong chan jie ji de chu xian jin yi bu jia qiang le di yi bo da gui mo jiao qu hua. zhei xie zhong chan jie ji xi wang zai yuan li lao jiu cheng shi de di qu yong you zhu zhai, dan yi jia ting zhu zhai di qu de kai fa zhe man zu le ta men de yuan wang. |
| If by " suburb" is meant an urban margin that grows more rapidly than its already developed interior, the | |
| process of suburbanization began during the emergence of the industrial city in the second quarter of the nineteenth century. Before that period the city was a small highly compact cluster in which people moved about on foot and goods were conveyed by horse and cart. But the early factories built in the 1840' s were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities, and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect of employment. In time, the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns of apartments and row houses that abutted the older, main cities. As a defense against this encroachment and to enlarge their tax bases, the cities appropriated their industrial neighbors. In 1854, for example, the city of Philadelphia annexed most of Philadelphia County. Similar municipal maneuvers took place in Chicago and in New York. Indeed, most great cities of the United States achieved such status only by incorporating the communities along their borders. With the acceleration of industrial growth came acute urban crowding and accompanying social stressconditions that began to approach disastrous proportions when, in 1888, the first commercially successful electric traction line was developed. Within a few years the horsedrawn trolleys were retired and electric streetcar networks crisscrossed and connected every major urban area, fostering a wave of suburbanization that transformed the compact industrial city into a dispersed metropolis. This first phase of massscale suburbanization was reinforced by the simultaneous emergence of the urban Middle Class, whose desires for homeownership in neighborhoods far from the aging inner city were satisfied by the developers of singlefamily housing tracts. | |
| rú guǒ" jiāo qū" zhǐ de shì bǐ yǐ jiàn hǎo de chéng shì nèi bù fā zhǎn gèng wéi xùn sù de chéng shì biān yuán dì dài, nà me jiāo qū huà kě yǐ shuō shǐ yú 1825 nián zhì 1850 nián gōng yè huà chéng shì chū xiàn qī jiān. zài zhè zhī qián, chéng shì zhǐ shì gāo dù mì jí de xiǎo jù jū qún. zài qí zhōng, rén men bù xíng zǒu dòng, shāng pǐn kào mǎ chē lái yùn sòng. dàn shì jiàn yú 18 shì jì sān sì shí nián dài de zǎo qī gōng chǎng wèi yú chéng biān de háng dào hé tiě lù fù jìn, bèi gōng zuò jī huì xī yǐn dào zhè lǐ de chéng qiān shàng wàn de rén men xū yào zhù fáng. jiàn jiàn dì, zài yǔ jiù yǒu de zhǔ yào chéng qū xiāng pí lín de dì fāng, bù duàn yǒng xiàn chū yóu pái fáng hé gōng yù lóu zǔ chéng de gōng rén jù jū qū, bāo wéi le gōng chǎng. zuò wéi duì zhè zhǒng qīn shí de zì wèi, yě wèi le kuò dà tā men shōu shuì de dì yù fàn wéi, chéng shì tūn bìng le gōng yè huà de lín jìn dì dài, bǐ rú 1854 nián fèi chéng de chéng qū jiù jiān bìng le fèi xiàn de jué dà bù fen dì qū. xiāng sì de chéng shì huà yě fā shēng zài zhī jiā gē hé niǔ yuē. jīn tiān hěn duō měi guó de dài chéng shì qí shí jiù shì kào tūn bìng tā men fù jìn de biān yuán dì qū ér biàn chéng dà dū huì de. suí zhe gōng yè huà de jiā sù fā zhǎn, chéng shì lǐ chū xiàn le yán zhòng yōng jǐ hé xiāng bàn ér lái de shè huì yā lì. dāng 1888 nián dì yī tiáo shāng yè shàng chéng gōng de diàn qì huà tiě guǐ bèi zhì zào chū lái shí, yā lì kāi shǐ jiē jìn wēi jī de chéng dù. jǐ nián zhī nèi, mǎ chē jiù bèi fèi qì le, diàn chē wǎng xiāng hù jiāo zhī lián jiē zhe gè gè zhòng yào de chéng qū, cóng ér xíng chéng le yī zhǒng jiāo qū huà de cháo liú, jí mì jí de gōng yè chéng shì zhuǎn biàn chéng le fēn sǎn de dū shì. cǐ shí chéng shì zhōng chǎn jiē jí de chū xiàn jìn yī bù jiā qiáng le dì yī bō dà guī mó jiāo qū huà. zhèi xiē zhōng chǎn jiē jí xī wàng zài yuǎn lí lǎo jiù chéng shì de dì qū yōng yǒu zhù zhái, dān yī jiā tíng zhù zhái dì qū de kāi fā zhě mǎn zú le tā men de yuàn wàng. |
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