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process of suburbanization began during the emergence of the industrial city in the second quarter of the nineteenth century. Before that period the city was a small highly compact cluster in which people moved about on foot and goods were conveyed by horse and cart. But the early factories built in the 1840' s were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities, and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect of employment. In time, the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns of apartments and row houses that abutted the older, main cities. As a defense against this encroachment and to enlarge their tax bases, the cities appropriated their industrial neighbors. In 1854, for example, the city of Philadelphia annexed most of Philadelphia County. Similar municipal maneuvers took place in Chicago and in New York. Indeed, most great cities of the United States achieved such status only by incorporating the communities along their borders. With the acceleration of industrial growth came acute urban crowding and accompanying social stressconditions that began to approach disastrous proportions when, in 1888, the first commercially successful electric traction line was developed. Within a few years the horsedrawn trolleys were retired and electric streetcar networks crisscrossed and connected every major urban area, fostering a wave of suburbanization that transformed the compact industrial city into a dispersed metropolis. This first phase of massscale suburbanization was reinforced by the simultaneous emergence of the urban Middle Class, whose desires for homeownership in neighborhoods far from the aging inner city were satisfied by the developers of singlefamily housing tracts. |
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rú guǒ" jiāo qū" zhǐ de shì bǐ yǐ jiàn hǎo de chéng shì nèi bù fā zhǎn gèng wéi xùn sù de chéng shì biān yuán dì dài, nà me jiāo qū huà kě yǐ shuō shǐ yú 1825 nián zhì 1850 nián gōng yè huà chéng shì chū xiàn qī jiān. zài zhè zhī qián, chéng shì zhǐ shì gāo dù mì jí de xiǎo jù jū qún. zài qí zhōng, rén men bù xíng zǒu dòng, shāng pǐn kào mǎ chē lái yùn sòng. dàn shì jiàn yú 18 shì jì sān sì shí nián dài de zǎo qī gōng chǎng wèi yú chéng biān de háng dào hé tiě lù fù jìn, bèi gōng zuò jī huì xī yǐn dào zhè lǐ de chéng qiān shàng wàn de rén men xū yào zhù fáng. jiàn jiàn dì, zài yǔ jiù yǒu de zhǔ yào chéng qū xiāng pí lín de dì fāng, bù duàn yǒng xiàn chū yóu pái fáng hé gōng yù lóu zǔ chéng de gōng rén jù jū qū, bāo wéi le gōng chǎng. zuò wéi duì zhè zhǒng qīn shí de zì wèi, yě wèi le kuò dà tā men shōu shuì de dì yù fàn wéi, chéng shì tūn bìng le gōng yè huà de lín jìn dì dài, bǐ rú 1854 nián fèi chéng de chéng qū jiù jiān bìng le fèi xiàn de jué dà bù fen dì qū. xiāng sì de chéng shì huà yě fā shēng zài zhī jiā gē hé niǔ yuē. jīn tiān hěn duō měi guó de dài chéng shì qí shí jiù shì kào tūn bìng tā men fù jìn de biān yuán dì qū ér biàn chéng dà dū huì de. suí zhe gōng yè huà de jiā sù fā zhǎn, chéng shì lǐ chū xiàn le yán zhòng yōng jǐ hé xiāng bàn ér lái de shè huì yā lì. dāng 1888 nián dì yī tiáo shāng yè shàng chéng gōng de diàn qì huà tiě guǐ bèi zhì zào chū lái shí, yā lì kāi shǐ jiē jìn wēi jī de chéng dù. jǐ nián zhī nèi, mǎ chē jiù bèi fèi qì le, diàn chē wǎng xiāng hù jiāo zhī lián jiē zhe gè gè zhòng yào de chéng qū, cóng ér xíng chéng le yī zhǒng jiāo qū huà de cháo liú, jí mì jí de gōng yè chéng shì zhuǎn biàn chéng le fēn sǎn de dū shì. cǐ shí chéng shì zhōng chǎn jiē jí de chū xiàn jìn yī bù jiā qiáng le dì yī bō dà guī mó jiāo qū huà. zhèi xiē zhōng chǎn jiē jí xī wàng zài yuǎn lí lǎo jiù chéng shì de dì qū yōng yǒu zhù zhái, dān yī jiā tíng zhù zhái dì qū de kāi fā zhě mǎn zú le tā men de yuàn wàng. |