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Here, the native Welsh clung on to their language, customs and laws, lords in their own lands, but still subjects of the English King. By the 13th century, Wales had become divided into the Principality of Gwynedd, the disputed centre, and the encroaching English baronial and crown lands. Encroaching, that is, until 1258, when Llewellyn was strong enough to have himself declared " Princeps Wallie" Prince of Wales. Exploiting the civil war in England and making and allying with de Montfort, Llewellyn' s armies overran the now undefended centre. But he then overreached himself, marrying de Montfort' s daughter, an offence Edward was unlikely to forgive or to forget. Years later, Llewellyn handed Edward the perfect pretext for retribution. He failed to show up at Edward' s coronation and ignored a total of five summonses to pay homage to his new King. |
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dāng dì wēi ěr shì rén jiān chí shǐ yòng zì jǐ de yǔ yán, fēng sú, fǎ lǜ. suī rán yǒu zì jǐ de jūn wáng, què yào xiàng yīng gé lán guó wáng fǔ shǒu chēng chén. dào shí sān shì jì shí, wēi ěr shì bèi huà fēn wéi sān bù fèn, gé wēn nèi sī gōng guó, zhōng bù chōng tū dì qū, gé wēn nèi sī, yǐ jí yīng gé lán guì zú hé guó wáng jiàn jìn cán shí de dì qū. zhè zhǒng zhú jiàn tuī jìn de rù qīn chí xù dào 1258 nián, cǐ shí lú āi lín yǐ jī zǎn le zú gòu de shí lì, zì fēng wèi wēi ěr shì wáng zǐ, jiè yīng gé lán nèi zhàn zhī jī, yǐ jí yǔ dé méng dé fú tè de jié méng. lú āi lín de jūn duì zhàn lǐng le fáng shǒu bó ruò de zhōng bù dì qū, dàn suí hòu tā biàn dé yì wàng xíng, yíng qǔ le dé méng dé fú tè de nǚ ér, zhè yàng de mào fàn shì ài dé huá bù néng kuān shù hé wàng huái de. jǐ nián hòu, lú āi lín jiù gěi le ài dé huá, yí gè bào fù de jī huì. tā wèi chū xí ài dé huá de jiā miǎn lǐ, bìng qiě zǒng gòng wú shì le wǔ cì chuán huàn. jù bù jìn jiàn xīn guó wáng. |