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I think the gigantic force of this church defines Rome as the capital of Christendom. An emblem of the success of the Renaissance dream and global Catholicism. Julius' s gamble had paid off. By the 18th century, the story of the making of the Holy City is almost complete. At first glance, Rome looked very much like it does today, filled with tourists eager to see its beautiful monuments. But there was one crucial difference between then and now. The popes were still the autocratic rulers of their own swathe of Italian territories, the Papal States. But all of that was about to change. In the mid19th century, new ideologies were sweeping across Europe, which would permanently alter the shape of the Holy City. Republicanism and nationalism. They rejected the medieval and sclerotic papal autocracy. Having already taken hold of France, the idea of a republican nation was gathering momentum across the separate states of the Italian peninsula. |
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wǒ xiǎng zhèng shì zhè zuò jiào táng de jù dà lì liàng jiāng luó mǎ rèn dìng wèi jī dū jiào zhī dōu. suí zhe wén yì fù xīng zhī mèng de shí xiàn yǐ jí tiān zhǔ jiào chuán bō dào shì jiè gè chù, yóu lì wū sī jiào huáng de" dǔ zhài" yǐ jīng huán qīng. zài shí bā shì jì, dǎ zào shén shèng zhī chéng de gù shì yǐ jīng dào le wěi shēng. yī yǎn wàng guò qù, luó mǎ kàn qǐ lái hé jīn tiān de luó mǎ chà bù duō: chéng lǐ jǐ mǎn le yóu kè, yī xīn xiǎng yào qù kàn nèi xiē měi lì zhuàng guān de jì niàn bēi. nà shí hé xiàn zài yǒu yì diǎn zhòng dà qū bié: nà jiù shì jiào huáng zài nà shí réng rán shì yì dà lì de tǒng zhì zhě, tā men zhī jiān de guān xì pán gēn cuò jié, yì dà lì yě bèi chēng zuò jiào huáng zhī guó. dàn shì zhèi xiē dōu zài fā shēng biàn huà. zài shí jiǔ shì jì zhōng qī, xīn guān niàn héng sǎo zhěng gè ōu zhōu, zài hěn zhǎng yī duàn shí jiān nèi gǎi biàn zhe shén shèng zhī chéng de fā zhǎn fāng xiàng, zhèi xiē xīn guān niàn jiù shì gòng hé zhǔ yì hé mín zú zhǔ yì. tā men fǎn duì chén fǔ luò hòu de jiào huáng tǒng zhì. dāng fǎ guó chǔ yú gòng hé zhì de tǒng zhì yǐ hòu, yào jiàn lì yí gè gòng hé zhì guó jiā de lǐ niàn xùn sù héng sǎo le yì dà lì suǒ zài de yà píng nìng bàn dǎo. |